biol 212 1-5

acromial

shoulder

antecubitis

inside elbow

axilla

armpit

brachium

upper arm

bucca

cheek

cephalon

head

cervicis

neck

cranium

skull

crus

leg below knee

digits/phalanges

fingers and toes

facies

face

femoral

upper leg

gluteal

butt

hallux

big toe

inguen

groin

lumbus

lower back

mentis

chin

oculus

eye

oris

mouth

otic/auris

ear

palma

palm

pollex

thumb

popliteus

back of knee

sura

calf

thoracis

chest

anterior (ventral)

towards the front

posterior (dorsal)

towards the back

superior

towards the head

inferior

towards the feet

medial

towards the median plane

lateral

farther from the median plane

superficial

towards the surface

deep

farther from surface

plantar

sole of foot

dorsal (foot)

top of foot

palmar

palm of hand

dorsal (hand)

back of hand

parietal

lining anterior body cavities (membrane)

visceral

covering organs within anterior body cavities (membrane)

proximal

towards point of origin

distal

farther from point of origin

sagittal plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into right/left sections

frontal (coronal) plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior/posterior sections

transverse plane

a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior/inferior sections

oblique plane

a horizontal plane that divides the body at an angle into superior or proximal/inferior or distal sections

dorsal (posterior) cavity

includes the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity

cranial cavity

includes brain

spinal cavity

includes the spinal cord

ventral (anterior) cavity

includes the thoracic cavity which includes the pleural cavities, mediastinum (region), and the pericardial cavity

pleural cavities

includes the lungs

mediastinum (region)

includes the heart, trachea, esophagus, etc.

pericardial cavity

includes the heart

abdominopelvic cavity

includes the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity

abdominal cavity

includes the liver, stomach, spleen, etc.

pelvic cavity

includes the bladder, internal reproductive structures, etc.

flexion

shortening, reduces angle between articulated elements

extension

lengthening, increasing the angle between articulated elements

hyperextension

over lengthening

abduction

moving away laterally

adduction

moving towards laterally

horizontal adduction

move in front of the body

horizontal abduction

move away from the body

circumduction

rotation around circular point

rotation (medial/lateral)

inward or outward rotation

supination

palm up

pronation

palm down

plantarflexion

foot down, toes in pointed position

dorsiflexion

foot up, flexing foot towards head

elevation

move superiorly

depression

move inferiorly

inversion

sole of foot pointed towards midline

eversion

sole of foot pointed away from midline

protraction

moving apart anteriorly

retraction

moving apart posteriorly

opposition

thumb to fingertip

reposition

restoring an object to its natural position

Layers of Strata to the epidermis

Stratum corneum

Epidermal ridges

wavelike ridges on epidermis

Reticular

between papillary and hypodermis

Hypodermis

Adipose tissue

Hair follicle

surrounds hair

Arrector pili muscle

goosebumps

Root

below skin hair

Shaft

above hair skin

Sebaceous gland

gives hair oil

Hair papillae

bulb with capillaries and nerves

eccrine sweat glands

water secretion; more numerous

apocrine sweat glands

deeper, smellier, puberty, larger, deep in dermis

Merocrine mode of secretion

vesicles with sweat made inside and exocytosis, sweat glands

Apocrine

mammary glands, half pops off

Holocrine

entire outside of cell dissolves, sebaceous glands

Nucleus

holds DNA, center of cell

Mitochondria

Production of ATP

Golgi apparatus

flattened, plate disks, synthesis and packaging of cellular secretions

Rough ER

has ribosomes, production and packaging proteins

Smooth ER

production and packaging lipids and steriods

Ribosome

tiny, round, production of proteins

Cilia

outside membrane, help with movement

Lysosomes

breakdown damaged organelles and pathogens, big round circles

Microville

Plasma membrane extensions, increase surface area