Cardiovascular System: The Heart

ch 18 part 1: Dr. Ping

Human Heart is essentially what?

Human Heart is essentially what?

two tubes

Artificial Heart is what?

two tubes

Nutrients from the GI tract go where?

Into the blood

The heart pumps blood, and what two key components are in blood?

nutrients and oxygen

The cardiovascular system is responsible for sending what TO tissue cells and why?

nutrients and oxygen for ATP production

The cardiovascular system is responsible for sending what AWAY from tissue cells?

CO2 and waste

What body cavity is the heart located in?

Thoracic Cavity

***TEST QUESTION***

What is the more specific location of the heart? (three components)

1. in the mediastinum

2. superior surface of diaphragm

3. between 2nd and 5th rib

List the four chambers of the heart from most anterior to most posterior.

ANTERIOR

1. RV (right ventricle)

2. LV (left ventricle) and RA (right atrium)

3. LA (left atrium)

POSTERIOR

***TEST QUESTION***

The most posterior chamber of the heart and closest to the esophagus is…?

left atrium

What is the pericardium?

a double-walled membrane around the heart

What is the difference between serosa and mucosa?

-serosa are not open to the outside openings of the body

-mucosa are open to the outside openings of the body

What serosa fluid is found in the pericardium?

serum

What are the three bodily locations of serosa?

1. Pericardium around the heart

2. Pleura around the lungs

3. Peritoneum around GI tract

What is the difference between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium?

• parietal- not directly touching heart, is fused with fibrous pericardium

• visceral- directly touching heart, is fused with heart

***TEST QUESTION***

What fluid, if any, is between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium?

serum

***TEST QUESTION***

The fibrous layer is used to reduce friction. True or False?

False, it protects and anchors the heart

***TEST QUESTION***

There is serum between the fibrous layer and the parietal layer of the pericardium. True or False?

False, serum is between the parietal and visceral layer

What is the strongest layer of the pericardium?

the fibrous layer

Which pericardium has two layers? The fibrous or serous?

serous; parietal and visceral

The parietal pericardium lines the internal surface of what?

the fibrous pericardium

The visceral pericardium lines the external surface of what?

the heart

What is an equivalent term for visceral pericardium?

epicardium

What is the function of the serum-filled pericardial cavity? (the fluid between the parietal and visceral pericardium)

to decrease friction

Is serum fluid clean or bacteria filled?

clean!!

• if bacteria is found in the serum of the pericardial cavity, the patient has pericarditis, and the pericardium will be inflamed and prevent proper beating

***TEST QUESTION***

What are the five layers of the heart from outside to inside?

1. Fibrous pericardium

2. Parietal pericardium

3. Epicardium

4. Myocardium

5. Endocardium

Which layer of the heart wall touches the blood directly and prevents blood clotting?

Endocardium

Name the three layers of the heart wall and what they are made of.

1. Epicardium- visceral layer of the serous pericardium

2. Myocardium- Cardiac muscle cells

3. Endocardium- Simple squamous epithelium cells

***FIGURE TEST PART 2***

be able to label this

***FIGURE TEST PART 1***

Be able to draw and label this figure!!

• blue indicates blood with high CO2 concentration

• red indicates blood with high oxygen concentration

Blood travels through the heart how?

one way travel

veins carry blood … from the heart and arteries carry blood … the heart

• to

• away

What is the valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle?

Mitral/Bicuspid valve

***TEST QUESTION***

What is the valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta?

Aortic valve

What is the valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle?

Tricuspid valve

What is the valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk artery?

pulmonary valve

What are the four major blood vessels associated with the heart? (and are they an artery or vein?)

1. Aorta- artery

2. Pulmonary Trunk- artery

3. Pulmonary vein- vein

4. Vena cava- vein

***TEST QUESTION***

What is the only vein in the body that carries oxygenated (high oxygen level) blood?

Pulmonary vein

What chamber of the heart does the pulmonary vein carry blood into?

Left atrium

What valve is in between the pulmonary vein and left atrium?

NONE

The Vena Cava is the … vein in the body and is “split” into two parts called … and … vena cava.

• biggest

• superior

• inferior

The vena cava carries blood into what chamber of the heart?

right atrium

***TEST QUESTION***

What is the valve between the vena cava and the right atrium?

NONE

***TEST QUESTION***

Which artery is the only artery to carry deoxygenated (high CO2 level) blood?

pulmonary trunk artery

The pulmonary trunk artery branches into left and right pulmonary arteries. True or False?

true

Which chamber of the heart is known as the “widow maker” and why?

Left ventricle- pumps blood to every organ of the body except for the lungs (78 organs)

Where does the right ventricle pump blood to?

the lungs (1 organ)

***TEST QUESTION***

Which valves are the atrioventricular valves?

• mitral/bicuspid valve

• tricuspid valve

***TEST QUESTION***

Which valves are the semilunar valves?

• aortic valve

• pulmonary valve

Blood flows (up or down?) due to cardiac looping.

blood flows DOWN from atrium to ventricle due to cardiac looping (even though in the drawing it would appear to be the opposite)

***TEST QUESTION***

which valve is most anterior?

pulmonary valve

***TEST QUESTION***

which valve is on the left side of the patient?

mitral valve

What plane is this image taken in?

transverse plane

***TEST QUESTION***

Semilunar valves do not have chords. True or False?

True

***TEST QUESTION***

The aortic valve opens … and closes …

• up

• down

***FIGURE FOR PART 2***

***FIGURE TEST PT 2 QUESTION***

if you want to listen to pulmonary trunk artery, which area should you place the stethoscope in?

blue dot area (pulmonic area) / left side of sternum 2nd rib

***FIGURE TEST PT 2 QUESTION***

if you want to listen to aorta, which area should you place the stethoscope in?

orange dot area (aortic area) / right side of sternum 2nd rib

***FIGURE TEST PT 2 QUESTION***

to listen to the mitral/bicuspid valve, you should place the stethoscope in which area?

red circle area (mitral area) / left mid-clavicle line down to 5th rib

***FIGURE TEST PT 2 QUESTION***

if you want to listen to the tricuspid valve, where should you place the stethoscope?

NOT in the yellow area, but in the tricuspid area/ 4th rib, left side of the sternum

What are the two main functions of the valves in the heart?

1. to ensure one-way movement of blood

2. separation of chambers and blood vessels

In what direction is the one way movement of blood?

from atria to ventricles and from ventricles to body

Atrioventricular valves separate what?

atria from ventricles

Semilunar valves separate what?

ventricles from blood vessels (aorta and PTA)

Even though there are four valves opening in closing during a heartbeat, why are there only two sounds (lub-dub)?

• tricuspid and bicuspid valves open at the same time

• when ventricles contract, aortic and pulmonary valves open while, simultaneously, tricuspid and bicuspid valves close

What are the two types of septa in the heart?

1. interventricular

2. interatrial

What does the interventricular septum separate?

The ventricles of the heart

What does the interatrial septum separate?

The atria of the heart

***TEST QUESTION***

There is an opening in the septa of the heart. True or False?

False

***TEST QUESTION***

Blood flows from all the body (except the lungs) through the … to the …

• vena cava

• right atrium

***TEST QUESTION***

Blood flows from the right atrium to the … and then to the …

• right ventricle

• lungs

***TEST QUESTION***

Blood flows through from the lungs through the … to the …

• pulmonary vein

• left atrium

***TEST QUESTION***

Blood flows from the left atrium to the … and then to the …

• left ventricle

• entire body (except for the lungs)

Pressure in the left ventricle should be about … and the right ventricle should be about …

• 120

• 30

***TEST QUESTION***

The left ventricle pumps more blood due to higher pressure. True or False?

False; the left ventricle pumps blood FASTER due to higher pressure, but left and right pump EQUAL amounts of blood

Systemic circulation (red) is … and … while pulmonary circulation (blue) is … and …

• longer and faster

• shorter and slower

although speeds and lengths differ between pulmonary and systemic circuit, both circuits will finish their course …

at the same time

❤ friendly reminder ❤

!!!no valves present when entering atriums!!!

Does the pulmonary artery carry deoxygenated or oxygenated blood?

DEoxygenated

Does the pulmonary vein carry deoxygenated or oxygenated blood?

oxygenated

Can blood have high levels of both oxygen and CO2?

NO, it will be one or the other

What are the receiving chambers of the heart and what circuit are they receiving blood from?

• right atrium, receives blood returning from the systemic circuit

• left atrium, receives blood returning from the pulmonary circuit

What are the pumping chambers of the heart and where to they pump blood to?

• right ventricle, pumps blood into pulmonary circulation

• left ventricle, pumps blood into systemic circulation

Which chambers of the heart have thicker walls, atria or ventricles?

Ventricles; left is usually thicker than the right

***TEST QUESTION***

Do the atria contract? and do the atria have myocardium layer?

yes! and yes!

What blood vessel is responsible for providing blood to the heart muscle itself?

coronary artery

define anastomosis in terms of the coronary arteries and heart

anastomosis means left and right can go “together,” meaning some of the blood from the right coronary artery supplies the left ventricle and vice versa

***TEST QUESTION PART 3***

Blood is delivered to the coronary arteries when the heart muscle contracts. True or False?

False! Blood is delivered to the coronary arteries when the heart is relaxed/dilated.

(this is because when the aortic valve is open for ventricular contraction, it blocks the entry to the coronary arteries. When the heart is relaxed, the aortic valve closes, allowing blood to enter the coronary arteries.)

What blood vessel do the coronary arteries branch from? and which branch are they?

aorta, first

Can heart muscle regenerate if damaged?

NO

What happens when heart muscle cells die?

areas of cell death are “repaired” with non contractile scar tissue

***TEST QUESTION***

Which blood vessel will never exist?

cardiac artery

Which vein enters into the right atrium directly?

coronary sinus vein

What THREE blood vessels enter into the right atrium directly?

1. superior vena cava

2. inferior vena cava

3. coronary sinus vein

what is an equivalent term for the word “sinus”?

vein

***TEST QUESTION PART 3***

Does coronary sinus vein feed into the superior or inferior vena cava?

Neither: it feeds into the right atrium directly

The opening for the coronary sinus vein into the heart is very close to what structure?

the tricuspid valve