Praxis Typical Development

Perlocutionary period

unintentional communication 0-8 months

Reflexive vocalizations, cooing, vocal play, babbling

Illocutionary period

intentional communication

9-12 months

-emergence of speech patterns

reflexive vocalizations

(0-2 months)

-sounds reflect automatic responses of body

-defined by anatomy of child (e.g., burping, crying, etc.)

-nasalized vowel-like sounds with minimal resonance

Cooing

(2-4 months)

sound made in back of the mouth

back vowels and consonants

vocal play

-4-6 months

-Raspberries, growls, squeaks

Begin to see CV syllables

Babbling

6+ months

reduplicated babbling- CVCV syllable chains (dada)

variegated babblings- CV chains (with variations in C's and V's)

emergence of speech patterns

- 9+ months

- Jargon and longer strips of variegated babbling

- Babbling is accompanied by sentence like intonation patterns

- Phonetically consistent forms (PCFs)

birth-3 months receptive milestones

-Reacts to loud sounds

-Smiles to familiar voices

-Quiets to familiar speakers

birth-3 months expressive milestones

-cries for basic needs

-begins to smile at familiar people

-begins to make cooing sounds

4-6 months receptive milestones

- Recognizes changes in vocal tone

- Eyes move toward sounds

- Responds to toys with noise

4-6 months expressive milestones

-Babbles and coos during play

-Sounds for various emotions

-Begins to laugh

7-12 months receptive milestones

-recognizes and turns to name

-comprehension of simple words

-plays games, listens to songs

7-12 months expressive milestones

- Shows objects by pointing

- Begins to use gestures (e.g., waving)

- First words emerge (around 12 months)

1-2 years receptive milestones

- Follows simple 1-step directions

- understands simple questions

- points to objects / pictures named

1-2 years expressive milestones

-begins to put two words together

-asks simple questions

-many new words emerge

2-3 years receptive milestones

- Follows 2-step directions

- simple opposites (e.g., big vs. small)

- Easily comprehends new words

2-3 years expressive milestones

- Begins to put three words together

- Asks "why?"

- Simple prepositions (e.g., in, on)

3-4 years receptive milestones

- Simple concepts (e.g., colors, shapes)

- Responds to name (from other room)

- Understands family words (e.g., sister)

3-4 years expressive milestones

- Puts up to four words together

- Asks "when?" & "Why?"

- Simple pronouns & some plurals (-s)

4-5 years receptive milestones

- Understands order words (e.g., first)

- Understands time words (e.g., today)

- Follows longer multi-step directions

4-5 years expressive milestones

- tells short stories, holds convos

- code switches (based on listener, place)

- naming of letters and numbers

Brown's Stage I

- 12-26 months

- About 50 words in vocabulary

-Basic phrases (with communicative intent)

-Ex: "more juice" and "my doll"

Brown's Stage II

27-30 Months

Present Progressive -ing

in and on

Regular plural -s

Brown's Stage III

31-34 months

Irregular past tense

Possessive 's

Uncontractible copula

Brown's Stage IV

35-40 months

Articles

Regular past tense

Third person regular present tense

Brown's Stage V

41-46+ months

third person irregular (she does, he has)

uncontractible auxiliary (are they swimming?)

contractible copula (she's ready; they're here)

contractible auxiliary (we're hiding; it's freezing)

MLU per age

12-26 months: 1-2

27-30 months: 2-2.5

31-34 months: 2.5-3

35-40 months: 3-3.75

41-46 months: 3.75-4.5

47+ months: 4.5+

White matter

cortical changes

gray matter

volume loss

presbycusis

age related hearing loss

sensorineural hearing loss

high frequency loss (hair cell damage)

Presbyopia

impaired vision as a result of aging

farsightedness

treatment: reading glasses

Presbyphonia

- age related voice changes

- weaker, breathy voice; more breaks / stops

- higher pitch in men, lower pitch in women

- reduced loudness, laryngeal tension, tremor

Presbyphagia

-age-related swallow changes

-decreased strength and sensation (taste)

-slower swallow response

-laryngeal penetration is more common

Typical Geriatric motor changes

general slowing of motor skills

voice changes

smaller, slower, more fatigued muscles

other health issues exacerbate motor

Typical Geriatric cognitive changes

slowed processing

language typically remains intact

difficulty recalling new info/specific details

difficulty with mutlitasking/executive function