Infertility in the Community by Dr. Mobolanle Balogun

These flashcards cover key concepts related to infertility as discussed in the lecture by Dr. Mobolanle Balogun.

Infertility

Failure to achieve a pregnancy after 1 year of regular coitus without contraception.

Primary infertility

A couple that has never conceived.

Secondary infertility

Infertility that occurs after a previous pregnancy regardless of the outcome.

Requirements for conception

Production of a healthy egg and sperm, unblocked tubes, the sperm's ability to fertilize, implantation of the embryo, and a healthy pregnancy.

Percentage of pregnancies within 18 months for couples without contraception

90% of pregnancies occur within 18 months.

Causes of infertility

5% of cases are due to anatomical, genetic, endocrinological, and immunological causes; others are largely preventable.

Cultural factors affecting infertility

Key factors include age at marriage, female genital mutilation, and consanguineous marriage.

Age of Woman and Infertility

Fertility declines slightly after the late 30s.

Coital Frequency

Frequency of coitus is positively related to the frequency of pregnancy.

Timing of Intercourse

Sperm survives for 48-72 hours; ovum survives for 12-24 hours.

Douching effects on fertility

Douching can destroy sperm and hinder fertilization.

Drugs affecting fertility

Certain drugs like anticancer agents, narcotics, and heavy metals can interfere with ovulation and reduce sperm count.

Ovulation frequency per year

Ovulation occurs approximately 13-14 times per year.

Menstrual cycle average length

Menstrual cycles are on average 28 days.

Luteal phase

Dominated by progesterone released by the corpus luteum, responsible for thickening of the mucus and increasing basal body temperature.

Signs of regular ovulation

Fullness of breasts, decreased vaginal secretions, abdominal bloating.

Preventive measures for infertility

Education on STIs, conducive health practices, and access to treatment.

STI Control Objectives

Interrupt transmission of infections and prevent complications.

Consequences of multiple sexual partners

Increased risk of STIs and unwanted pregnancies.

Importance of vaccination for children

Vaccinations for mumps, measles, and rubella help protect reproductive health.

Effects of age on female fertility

Female fertility declines sharply after age 35.

Challenges in infertility prevention

Includes lack of understanding, poor planning, and lack of political will.

Role of health staff in infertility care

Essential for training and managing prevention approaches.

Family history in infertility management

Important for understanding underlying causes.

Role of counseling in infertility

Counseling helps educate couples about fertile periods and manage expectations.

Referral system for infertility management

Need for a well-defined referral system in the healthcare process.

Avoidance of STI for fertility protection

Prevent poorly treated STIs to protect reproductive health.

Healthy habits for fertility

Avoid smoking, drugs, and unhealthy lifestyle choices.

Pregnancy preparation

Improving knowledge about pregnancy and having regular prenatal checks.

Community education on infertility

Ensuring the community has access to information about infertility.

Integrated approach to infertility care

Essential for improving treatment and outcomes.

Coital frequency indication

Higher coital frequency can lead to higher chances of conception.

Limitations to infertility education

Insufficient training and lack of resources limit effective education.

Cultural influences on fertility attitudes

Community beliefs and attitudes can greatly affect infertility management.

Access to infertility services

Lack of integration of services into reproductive health hampers access.

Hygienic healthcare practices

Essential to avoid infections leading to infertility.

Expected fertility rates after marriage

Approximately 75% of pregnancies occur within 9 months of unprotected intercourse.

Embryonic implantation requirement

Successful implantation of the embryo in the uterus is critical.

Impact of unhealthy exposure

Exposure to environmental toxins can lead to infertility.

Indicators of anovulation

Absence of PMS symptoms may suggest a lack of ovulation.

Contraceptive methods affecting fertility

Choices of contraception can influence the risk of infertility.

Public health initiatives for infertility

Educating the community and improving access to treatments are pivotal.