Chapter 5 Cellular Reproduction Review

Interphase

Which phase does a eukaryotic cell spend most of it’s time in?

Chromosomes that contain the same genes

What are homologous chromosomes?

Pairing of homologous chromosomes

What is synapsis?

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes

What is crossing over?

Prophase I of meiosis

When do synapsis and crossing over occur?

Duplicated chromosomes joined at the centromere.

What are sister chromatids?

Synapsed chromosomes

What is a tetrad?

S phase of interphase

When do chromosomes duplicate?

They deposit vesicles of cell wall material at the center of the cell which fuse to the new cell wall.

What happens in cytokinesis of plant cells?

They pinch in half.

Cytokinesis in animals?

Programmed cell death; important in development and prevention of cancer

What is apoptosis and why is it important?

Mitosis- 2 genetically identical daughter cells (diploid)

Meiosis- 4 haploid daughter cells- genetically different

What is the result of Mitosis? What is the result of Meiosis?

Fertilized egg; diploid.

What is a zygote? Is it haploid or diploid?

Haploid- 1 complete set of chromosomes. Diploid- 2 complete sets of chromosomes

What is haploid and diploid?

G1 → S → G2 → Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase → Cytokinesis → Start back at beginning

What are the stages in the cell cycle?

Centromere: Region of the chromosome where chromatids are attached. Kinetochore: Protein structure located at the centromere where spindle fibers attach.

What is a centromere? Kinetochore?

Mutations, Random fertilization, Independent Assortment, and Crossing Over

What are four mechanisms of genetic variability?

Oogenesis results in one functional egg; spermatogenesis results in 4 functioning sperm.

How do oogenesis and spermatogenesis differ?

Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle forms, spindle attaches to kinetochore.

What occurs in Prophase/Prometaphase of mitosis?

Chromosomes line up at equator

What happens in metaphase of mitosis?

Chromatids separate

What happens in anaphase of mitosis?

Opposite of prophase

What happens in telophase of mitosis?

188

Goldfish have 94 chromosomes. How many chromatids are present during metaphase?

23

Humans have 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in a human sperm cell?

16

If onion cells have a chromosome number of 16, how many chromosomes are in each of the daughter cells formed at telophase?

16

If an animal cell has a diploid number of 16, how many chromosomes does a cell have in G₁ of the cell cycle?

28

An animal liver cell contains 28 chromosomes: what is the diploid number for this organism?

14

What is the haploid number of chromosomes if a liver cell contains 28.

28; double chromatid

How many chromosomes are there in a (liver) cell in metaphase? Are they single chromosomes or double chromatid chromosomes?

14; single

How many chromosomes are in a ( liver) cell in Telophase II? Are they single chromosomes or double chromatid chromosomes?

28; double chromatid

How many chromosomes are in a (liver) cell in Prophase I? Are they single chromosomes or double chromatid chromosomes?

14; double chromatid

How many chromosomes are in a (liver) cell in Prophase II? Are they single chromosomes or double chromatid chromosomes?

14

How many chromosomes will be in the egg or sperm of this animal?

Mitosis

No pairing of homologs occurs.

Meiosis

Two consecutive divisions

Meiosis

4 daughter cells produced

Mitosis

Associated with growth and asexual reproduction

Meiosis

Associated only with sexual reproduction

Mitosis

One division

Mitosis

Two daughter cells produced

Both Mitosis and Meiosis

Involves duplication of chromosomes

Mitosis

Chromosome number is maintained

Meiosis

Chromosome number is halved

Meiosis

Crossing over between homologous chromosomes may occur

Mitosis

Daughter cells are all genetically identical to the parent.

Meiosis

Daughter cells are all genetically different.

Meiosis

Produces gametes

Meiosis

Synapsis occurs in prophase.