Exam 2 A&P

Cardiodynamics

the movement and force generated by cardiac contractions

cardiac output

volume pumped by left ventricle in 1 minute

cardiac reserve

the difference between resting and maximal cardiac output

End diastolic volume

amount of blood in a ventricle at the end of diastole

filling time

duration of ventricular diastole

venous return

rate of blood flow during ventricular diastole

end systolic volume

amount of blood that remains in the ventricle at the end of ventricular systole

base of the heart

formed by great veins and arteries, loacted posterosuperiorly and to the right

apex of the heart

pointed tip of the heart, located anterinferiorly and to the left

pericardium

double lining of the pericardial cavity

fibrous pericardium

tough, inelastic outer layer, anchors the heart and prevents overexpansion

serous pericardium

thin, double layered membrane

visceral pericardium

covers the surface of the heart

parietal pericardium

lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

pericardial sac/cavity

space between parietal and visceral layers, constraints pericardial fluid, reduce friction during heart movement

coronary sulcus (atrioventricular sulcus)

deep groove that encircles the heart, separates atria from ventricles, has major coronary blood vessels

interventricular sulcus

groove that marks boundary between the right and left ventricles

anterior interventricular sulcus

located on anterior sternal surface, runs towards the apex

posterior interventricular sulcus

located on posterior surface, runs towards apex

epicardium

outermost layer of heart wal, also called visceral pericardium, has coronary blood vessels and fat

myocardium

thick, muscular middle layer, responsible for contraction and pumping

endocardium

thin, smooth inner lining, lines the heart chambers and valves, continuous with the lining of blood vessels

interatrial septum

separates the right and left atria

interventricular septum

separates the right and left ventricles

right atrium

collects blood from systemic circuit (doxygenated blood)

right ventricle

pumps blood to pulmonary circuit (to the lungs)

left atrium

collects blood from pulmonary circuit (oxygenated blood)

left ventricle

pumps blood to systemic circuit (to the body)

superior vena cava

returns blood from the upper body

inferior vena cava

returns blood from the lower body

coronary sinus

returns blood from the myocardium

foramen ovale

opening in the fetal interatrial septum, normally seals at birth, forms fossa ovalis in adult heart

auricle of the atrium

ear like extension that increases atrial volume

crista terminalis

raised muscular ridge, separates smooth and rough regions of the atrium

pectinate muscle

located in the anterior, rough region (atrium proper)

sinus venarum

posterior, smooth region of the right atrium

fossa lunata

depression in the interatrial septum, corresponds to fossa ovalis of the right atrium

pulmonary valve

between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

aortic valve

between the left ventricle and aorta