American History - 1920s-1930s

Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.

Louis Armstrong

unlawfully sterilized in 1927 because she was falsely diagnosed as feeble-minded and promiscuous.

Carrie Buck

(1923-1925) and (1925-1929), taciturn; small gov't conservative; laissez faire ideology; in favor of immigration restriction (Immigration Act); reduced the tax burden; the Bonus Bill was passed over his veto; Revenue Act of 1924; Kellogg-Briand Pact

Calvin Coolidge

a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. his noval THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Henry Ford

a black leader in the 1920's who helped promote unity and racial pride among black Americans and urged them to join the "back to Africa" movement and his Universal Improvement Association

Marcus Gravey

29th president of the US; Republican; "Return to Normalcy" (life as it had been before WWI-peace, isolation); presidency was marred by scandal

Warren Harding

Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include A Farewell to Arms

Ernest Hemingway

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.

Herbert Hoover

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

Langston Hughes

100% Americanism

What was the KKK Revival organized around?

It grew larger than it was after the Civil War.

How did the size of the KKK during the revival compare to its size after the Civil War?

State politics in many states.

In which areas did the KKK dominate during the revival?

African-Americans, Jews, Roman Catholics, unions, immigrants, and voting rights for women.

Which groups were the KKK against during the revival?

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Charles Lindberg

Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."

A. Mitchell Palmer

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Eleanor Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII

Franklin D. Roosevelt

"Home Run King" in baseball, provided an idol for young people and a figurehead for America

Babe Ruth

(FDR) , change of dates for start of presidential/congressional terms

20th Amendment

ended the Prohibition of alcohol in the US, repealing the 18th amendment

21st Amendment

Government agencies that came to be known by the first initials of their names.

Alphabet Agencies

closed all banks until gov. examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen

Bank Holiday

widespread panic in which great numbers of people try to redeem their paper money

Bank Run

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

Black Tuesday

Group of WWI vets. that marched to D.C. in 1932 to demand the immediate payment of their goverment war bonuses in cash

Bonus Army

paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest

buying on margin

a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers

Consumerism

President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges

Court Packing plan

A drought in the 1930s that turned the Great Planes very dry.

Dust Bowl

1921 legislation that limited immigration to 3% of the people of their nationality living in the US in 1910

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

science dealing with improving hereditary qualities

Eugenics

dramatic legislative productivity, FDR laid out the programs that constituted the New Deal.

First Hundred Days

(1922) treaty resulting from the Washington Armaments Conference that limited to a specific ratio the carrier and battleship tonnage of each nation. It created a moratorium for 10 years, during which no battleships would be built. The countries agreed to refrain from further fortification of their Pacific Possessions. The five countries were: US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy

Five-Power Naval Treaty

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

Flappers

A seductive woman who used her sexuality to exploit men, until a shocked the public who forced codes of censorship to be placed on them.

Vamps

This tariff rose the rates on imported goods in the hopes that domestic manufacturing would prosper. This prevented foreign trade, which hampered the economy since Europe could not pay its debts if it could not trade.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

1921. Treaty between the US, Great Britain, France, and Japan to maintain the status quo in the South Pacific, that no countries could seek further territorial gain.

Four Power Treaty

Individuals who adhere strictly to religious beliefs

Fundamentalists

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Good Neighbor Policy

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Harlem Renaissance

charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Hoovervilles

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

Great Depression

1)United State's stock market crash of 1929. 2)Big drop in the world's economy. 3)Overproduction of goods from World War I. 4)Decrease in the need for raw materials from non industrialized nations>>>LEAD TO millions of people losing their jobs as banks and businesses closed around the world. People were homeless, Relied on government to eat.

Great Depression causes

Federal law limiting the number of immigrants that could be admitted from any country to 2% of the amount of people from that country who were already living in the U.S. as of the census of 1890.

Immigration Act of 1924

Buyer paid a small down payment to take home an item. The buyer then paid the rest in small monthly payments.

installment buying/Buying on credit

A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations

Isolationism

A style of dance music popular in the 1920s

Jazz

A sixty-nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates. By Roosevelt revoking U.S. participation, there was a deeper world economic crisis.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

A sixty-nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates. By Roosevelt revoking U.S. participation, there was a deeper world economic crisis.

London Economic Conference

A term borrowed from Italy and widely used in Russia to describe networks of organized criminal activity that pervade both economic and governmental securities in that country as well as activities. such as the demanding of protection money, bribe taking by government officials, contract killing, and extortion.

Mafia

Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply

Mass Production

In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines.

Mechanization

believed that God was a "good guy" and the universe a pretty chummy place; these were the people who believed in God but were also able to except evolution and modern science

Modernists

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

New Deal

policy of supporting neither side in a war

Neutrality

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

Neutrality Acts

1934. Senate committee led by South Dakota Senator Gerald Nye to investigate why America became involved in WWI. Theory that big business had conspired to have America enter WWI so that they could make money selling war materials. Called bankers and arms producers "merchants of death."

Nye Committee

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Palmer Raids

A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages

Prohibition

This act reversed traditional high-protective-tariff policies by allowing the president to negotiate lower tariffs with trade partners, without Senate approval. Its chief architect was Secretary of State Cordell Hull, who believed that tariff barriers choked off foreign trade.

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

A period of general fear of communists

Red Scare

Relief, Recovery, Reform

3 R's

aid for the needy; welfare

Relief

A period of renewed economic growth followed by a recession or depression.

Recovery

to bring back to rightness, order, or morality

Reform

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree; Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence; many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

Scopes Trial

Secret bars where alcohol could be purchased illegally

Speakeasies

An involvement in risky business transactions in an effort to make a quick or large profit.

speculation

The collapse of the U.S.stock market in 1929

Great Crash of 1929

provided for the independence of Philippines after a 12 year period of econimc, political tutelage

Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934

Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States.

Volstead Act

1921 - president harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect China's independence

Washington Conference