Microbial Diversity 2

Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)

harvested for algin

Phylum Rhodophyta (red algae)

harvested for agar and carrageenan

Phylum Chrysophyta (golden algae)

important in lakes

Flagellates (Mastigophora)

motile through the use of flagella

Giant Kelp

Sargassum

Licmophora

Saccharomyces

Positive - Bread, wine, beer
Negative - Food spoilage

Trichoderma

Positive - Cellulose used for juices and fabric

Negative - Cryphonectria parasitica (chestnut blight)

Sexual spores

fusion of two gametes (ascospores, basidiospores, zygospores)

Chlamydosphores

thick-walled spore-like

Flatworms

flat, no definite body cavity; digestive tract a blind pouch; simple excretory & nervous systems

Trematodes (flukes)

flattened , non-segmented worms with sucking mouthparts

Roundworms (nematodes)

round, a complete digestive tract, a protective surface cuticle, spines & hooks on mouth; excretory & nervous systems poorly developed

Intermediate Host

Harbors the developmental stage of the parasite

Diagnostic Stage

Stage in the parasitic life cycle that can be identified by examining patient specimens

Subcutaneous mycoses

fungal infections beneath the skin

Systematic mycoses

fungal infection deep within the body

Eukaryotes

Includes species of algae, fungi, protozoa, lichens, and slime molds.

Phytoplankton

Microscopic, free-floating, autotrophic organisms that function as producers in aquatic ecosystems

Phylum Bacillariophyta

Diatoms; attractive geometric shapes

Phylum Dinoflagellata

dinoflagellates; produce neurotoxins causing paralytic shellfish poisoning

Phylum Chlorophyta (green algae)

gave rise to plants; green algae

algin

used as a gelling agent in food and other industries.

Prototheca

rare parasitic, non-photosynthetic algae

cause protothecosis

Carrageenan

gelatinous material that can be a thickening agent

Amoebas (Sarcodina)

move through pseudopods
or false feet

Sporozoans (Apicomplexa)

non-motile, parasitic

Microcladia

Porphyra

Gibsmithia

Synura

Euglena Acus

Trypanosoma

Euglena

Hyphae

long filamentous fungi or molds

Entamorphaga

Positive - Gypsy moth control

Conidia

asexual spores; not formed by fusion

Plasmogamy

Fusion of the cytoplasm of two cells; occurs in the sexual stage of a fungal life cycle.

Karyogamy

Fusion of the nuclei of two cells; occurs in the sexual stage of a fungal life cycle

Budding

yeasts divide asymmetrically

Candida albicans

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Plasmodial slime molds

-Multinucleated large cells
-Cytoplasm separates into stalked sporangia
-Nuclei undergo meiosis and form uninucleated haploid spores

Cestodes

tapeworms

Definitive Host

Harbors the sexually reproducing parasite

Infective Stage

The stage of the life cycle at which the parasite is capable of entering and continuing development within the host.

Inhalation Anthrax

This is the most severe and deadly form of anthrax

It occurs when the spores are inhaled, typically through contaminated air or soil, and can cause severe respiratory symptoms

Cutaneous Anthrax

It occurs when the bacterium enters the body through a cut or abrasion on the skin, typically on the hands, arms, or face.

common form of anthrax

Gastrointestinal Anthrax

This form of anthrax is rare and occurs when contaminated meat is ingested.

Pseudomurein

a substance similar to peptidoglycan that is found in the cell wall of archaea

Superficial mycoses

fungal infections of the skin or hair shaft

outermost layer of the skin

Cutaneous mycoses

fungal infections of the skin, hair or nails

living layers of the skin

Opportunistic mycoses

fungi harmless in normal habitat but pathogenic in a compromised host

Algae

Plantlike protists

can be found in moist environments

unicellular to multicellular

reproduce both ways

stigma, pellicle, and flagella

Volvox

a genus of green algae

forms colonies arranged in spherical shape

has flagella

Phycology

study of algae

Pellicle

thickened cell membrane

substitute for cell wall in protozoans

stigma

light-sensing organelle

diatoms

tiny, usually unicellular algae

members of phytoplankton

Dinoflagellates (Plankton)

responsible for red tides

can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning

flagellated

organisms with whip-like structures used for movements

phycotoxins

secretions are poisonous to humans, fish and other animals

Oomycota (water molds)

Decomposers and forms cottony masses on dead algae and animals

Zoospores

spores of oomycota, have two flagella

Protozoa

More animal like than plant like

found in soil and water

Schizogony

asexual reproduction by multiple fission

Contractile Vacuole

pump water out of cell

Cytostome (Primitive Mouth)

used by some flagellates and ciliates to ingest food

Trophozoite Stage

motile, feeding, dividing stage of protozoa

Cyst Stage

nonmotile, dormant, survival stage

Parasitic Protozoan Human Diseases

Malaria, giardiasis, African sleeping sickness, and amebic dysentery

Ciliates (Ciliophora)

motile through the use of cilia
most complex protozoa

Aulacoseira

Plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium falciparum

Fungi

Most are decomposers, and chemoheterotrophic

Some are Saprophytic, others Parasitic

majority are unicellular or colonial, a few have cellular specialization

No chlorophyll

Cell wall contain chitin

Yeast

Round ovoid shape, asexual reproduction

Unicellular fungi

Pseudohypha

chain of yeasts formed when buds remain attached in a row

Dimorphic

occurring or existing in two different forms depending on growth conditions

Taxomyces

Positive - Taxol production (chemotherapy drug)

Negative - Ceratocystis ulm (Dutch elm disease)

Decomposers

Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms

Saprophyte

absorbs nutrients from dead and decaying organic matter

Chitin

Fungal cell walls are composed primarily of

Thallus

body of a mold or fleshy fungus; consists of long filaments of cells joined together

Septate Hyphae

hyphae with cross walls

Coenocytic Hyphae

no septa, long, continuous cells, multinucleated cytoplasm

Mycosis

Fungal infection

Conidiophore

a hypha that bears conidia

Fission

yeasts divide symmetrically

Molds

Fungi seen in water & food

Lichens

Mutualistic combination of an alga (or cyanobacterium) & fungus - Symbiotic

Slime Molds

-Found in soil, rotting logs
-Have both fungal and protozoal chars. & interesting life cycles
-Start out in life as independent amoebae

Cellular Slime molds

-Resemble amoebas, ingest bacteria by phagocytosis
-Cells aggregate into stalked fruiting body.
-Some cells become spores

Parasitic Helminths

-Multicellular animals, organs for reproduction, digestion, movement, protection
-Parasitize host tissues
-Have mouthparts for attachment to or digestion of host tissues
-Most have well-developed sex organs that produce eggs and sperm
-Fertilized eggs go through larval period in or out of host body