Exam 3 Health Science Review with Recycled Questions and Quiz 8

As part of the __________ function, public health seeks to understand the medical care system in an area of study generally referred to as health policy and management ot health administration, which also includes the administration and functioning of the public health system

Assurance

The requirement to disseminate research results is found in

The Areas of Responsibility of a CHES and The Code of Ethics for the Health Education Profession

Malaria is an example of a human disease caused by a

Protozoan

Polio is an example of a human disease caused by a

Virus

Animals or insects that transmit a pathogen to a human host are

Vectors

The 1918-1919 influenza pandemic was unusual in that it preferentially killed many

Young adults

All the following are mosquito-borne diseases except

Monkeypox (Mpox)

Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines are

mRNA vaccines

The strategy of ______ assumes that the population would achieve _______ or flatten the epidemic curve through the pharmaceutical interventions

Mitigation and herd immunity

If you gave the inhabitants of one town daily doses of acetaminophen but not the inhabitants of a demographically similar nearby town, that would be an ________ study

Intervention

Which of the following epidemiologic studies are typically the most complicated?

Chronic diseases

The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 prohibited the FDA from requiring safety testing of

Herbal supplements and food supplements

Which of the following is a systemic preventive approach to food safety

HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points).

Which of the following is the nation's most significant public health issue

Cigarette smoking

Regular screening and early detection programs targeting high-risk populations, such as blood pressure checks and cholesterol screenings, are public health interventions to primarily reduce rates of

Stroke

What law gave the FDA authority to regulate tobacco products

Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act

Which of the following statements describes the epidemiological transition

It refers to the shift from the primarily infectious diseases to chronic degenerative diseases as leading causes of death in the U.S

Vital statistics include the following, except

Surgeries

Public health measures to interrupt the chain of infection include controlling the rat population to prevent plague, which primarily impacts

Link 2, Reservoir

Which of the following surveys includes doctors and nurses sent in a van to conduct physical and dental examinations and laboratory tests

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

How does the fee-for-service payment system affect medical providers' practices?

It motivates doctors and hospitals to provide more services to increase their income

What are the fundamental social questions raised by the distribution and quality of medical care?

Who is responsible for providing medical care, and who should pay for it?

What factors have contributed to the fluctuation of medical costs and the increase in uninsured citizens?

The fee-for-service approach to health care

What is a significant issue in prioritizing downstream activities in the U.S. medical system?

It disregards the need for immediate assistance to individuals showing severe health conditions.

Which of the following groups has a general right to health care?

Veterans and prisoners

Which of the following is described as a distinctive characteristic contributing to medical costs in the United States?

Complex administrative processes

What components contribute to effective preparedness for disaster emergency situations?

Regular simulations and drills, prior experience with public health threats, strong leadership, and adequate funding

What could enhance the vulnerability of the United States to bioterrorism over any other developed country?

Delayed access to medical care for uninsured people, including immigrants

What is a challenge faced by government agencies such as the FDA in relation to the Internet and medical care?

The lack of accountability of website creators

What is the primary purpose of the Incident Command System (ICS) during a disaster?

To manage and coordinate the immediate response to an emergency

Which of the following is not one of the public health achievements in the 20th century, according to the CDC?

Discovery of a cure for all cancers

Which of the following options best describes the measures taken to improve the recognition of a disease outbreak?

Monitoring emergency rooms for patterns of symptoms and improving communication between public health agencies at different levels

Americans dispose of how much municipal solid waste each year?

260 million tons

Discharges from industrial sources are the second major category of point-source pollution, strictly regulated by which piece of legislation?

The Clean Water Act

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act requires what type of wastes to be accounted for “from cradle to grave” and there are criminal penalties for those who violate the laws?

Hazardous wastes

Which of the following chemical hazards are emitted by CAFOs?

Ammonia

Which of the following interferes with testosterone synthesis in males, causing low sperm count and abnormalities in the development of male sex organs?

Phthalates

Which of the following is especially harmful to patients with cardiovascular disease, who are more likely to suffer heart attacks when exposed to higher concentrations of the pollutant?

Carbon monoxide

Which of the following is the biggest drawback of using sanitary landfills as a method of waste disposal?

Take up a lot of space

Which of the following is the most visible form of air pollution?

Particulate Matter

What is BPA and why is it a concern?

BPA is a component of hard plastics and can mimic estrogen, causing endocrine disruption, early puberty, and developmental abnormalities

What environmental issue are CFCs responsible for

Ozone layer depletion by breaking down atmospheric ozone.

Why do CFCs persist so long?

They are extremely stable and drift to the upper atmosphere.

What did the Clean Air Act (1970) accomplish?

Set air quality standards, limited pollutants, regulated mercury, and mandated reduction of emissions.

What were major goals of the Clean Water Act (1972)?

Lakes and rivers should be fishable and swimmable, eliminate pollution discharge, outlaw garbage dumping.

What was CERCLA designed to do?

Require emergency clean-up of hazardous waste sites using a tax-funded “Superfund.”

What is PM2.5 and why is it dangerous?

Fine particulate matter <2.5 µm that penetrates deep into lungs, increasing heart and respiratory disease risk.

Why is ozone harmful at ground level?

It irritates eyes/respiratory system and increases mortality rates.

Why was lead regulated out of gasoline?

It causes nervous system damage, especially reducing children’s intellectual ability.

What does the EPCRA require?

Businesses must report chemical storage and pollution discharge to help communities prepare for emergencies.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Was established to consolidate federal research, monitoring, standards-setting, and enforcement activities to achieve a cleaner, healthier environment in the United States

How do CAFOs impact the environment?

Produce major air and water pollution; political power makes regulating them difficult.

What is the largest component of municipal solid waste?

Paper from packaging.

What health condition is linked to radon exposure?

Lung cancer.

What does the Safe Drinking Water Act (1974) require?

EPA sets standards; states enforce; annual customer water reports are required.

What caused Flint’s water crisis?

Switching to untreated river water, causing lead to leach from pipes.

Why are workers often described as “guinea pigs”?

They are first to suffer health effects of toxic chemicals

Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA)

Imposed regulations and testing requirements for toys and children’s furniture on manufacturers, importers, distributors, and retailers

What is sulfur dioxide linked to?

Coal burning, acid rain, respiratory irritation.

Why is carbon monoxide dangerous?

It impairs mental function and harms people with heart disease

What do nitrogen oxides contribute to

Smog, acid rain, and ozone formation.

What does ground-level ozone do?

Irritates respiratory system and increases mortality.

Why is upper-atmosphere ozone important?

It protects against harmful UV radiation.

What is non-point source pollution?

Pollution that comes from multiple, diffuse sources rather than a single point.

What is point source pollution?

Pollution that originates from a single, identifiable source, such as a pipe or a drain.

Why are PCBs still a problem?

They persist and contaminate fish despite being banned.

What did Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) ban?

Open dumps; set sanitary landfill standards.

What confirmed radiation health effects?

Long-term studies of atomic bomb survivors.

What happened at Minamata Bay?

Industrial mercury pollution led to severe health effects on the local population, including neurological damage.

What are risks of chronic arsenic exposure?

Diabetes and cancer

What diseases does asbestos exposure cause?

Asbestosis and mesothelioma.

Strategies to reduce car pollution

Tailpipe limits, vapor recovery, inspections, zero-emission vehicles.

Indoor air pollution sources

Tobacco smoke, wood stoves, gas appliances, radon, formaldehyde.

Why are medical costs rising?

Aging population, technology, obesity, admin costs, defensive medicine.

What are the Affordable Care Act (ACA) provisions?

Free preventive services, young adults insured until 26, medicare prescription drug coverage is more affordable, and States can opt to receive federal funds for expansion of Medicaid programs to uninsured

Who does CHIP cover?

Children whose families earn too much for Medicaid but can’t afford private insurance.

How do medicaid and medicare differ?

Medicaid provides health coverage to low-income individuals and families, while Medicare primarily serves people aged 65 and older, or younger adults with disabilities regardless of income.

What does UNOS oversee?

The United Network for Organ Sharing oversees organ transplantation in the United States, including the allocation of organs to patients in need.

Difference between Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) and Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)?

HMOs restrict access, emphasize prevention; PPOs allow broader access at higher cost.

What is rationing in healthcare?

Rationing in healthcare refers to the allocation of limited medical resources and services, determining who receives care and in what quantity, often due to cost constraints or resource shortages.

What is a risk of consumer-directed health plans?

People avoid care due to cost barriers.

What do disasters require?

Disasters require coordinated emergency responses and resources to manage the crisis effectively.

What is Incident Command System (ICS)?

One person in charge at a scene.

Why is bioterrorism hard to detect?

It mimics natural disease outbreaks; surveillance required.

Why is smallpox feared in the case of bioterrorism?

No population immunity and high contagion.

What is the threat of the pandemic flu?

Mutations could increase human spread.

Top Ten 20th Century PH Achievements

Routine use of vaccinations

Improvements in motor vehicle safety

Safer workplaces

Control of infectious diseases

Decline in deaths from heart disease and stroke

Safer and healthier foods

Healthier mothers and babies

Access to family planning and contraceptive services

Fluoridation of drinking water

Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard

What does Healthy People provide?

National goals, priorities, progress tracking, and equity focus.

Challenges of the 21st century

Climate change, aging population, rising healthcare costs, disparities.

How does IT support public health?

Disease tracking, outbreak monitoring, health communication.

What dilemma does biotechnology raise?

Ethical questions about genetic engineering and affordability.