Quiz 1 Review - OTH 2410

Pathology

scientific study of diseases

Homeostasis

internal stability (BP, electrolytes)

Symptoms

subjective complaints by the patient

Signs

abnormal objective findings - evidence of disease

Asymptomatic

w/o symptoms

Syndrome

defined collection of signs & symptoms that characterize a disorder/condition

Pathogenesis

development of a disease occurs in stages (eg. incubation, full blown, remission)

Acute

abrupt onset - may resolve or result in death

Chronic

develops slowly or lasts longer than 6 months

Predisposing Factors

age, sex, lifestyle, environment, heredity

Risk Factors that CAN'T Change

age, gender, heredity, race

Risk Factors that CAN Change

lifestyle, environment

Preventive Healthcare

improved safety measures involving operation of machinery & automobiles, protective labeling & packaging of food, drugs & toxic products, general public safety education, vaccinations

Genes

basic unit of heredity - small stretches of DNA situated on particular site of chromosome

Genetic Diseases

produced by (1) abnormality in/mutation of genetic code of single gene, (2) several abnormal genes, (3) abnormal presence/absence of entire chromosome/alteration in structure of chromosomes

Infectious Diseases

caused by pathogens

Local Infection

redness, swelling, heat, pain, fever, pus, enlarged lymph glands, & red streaks - isolated to one part of the body

Widespread Infection

fever, headache, body aches, weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, & delirium - spread throughout body

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

found in colon, manure - causes enteritis (mild to severe)

Staphylococcus aureus

found in skin, hair, anterior naris - causes wound infection, pneumonia, food poisoning, cellulitis

Streptococcus (beta-hemolytic group A)

found in oropharynx, skin, perianal area - causes "strep throat," rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, impetigo

Streptococcus (beta-hemolytic group B)

found in adult genitalia - causes UTI, wound infection, endometritis

Clostridium difficile (C. difficile)

found in contaminated surfaces/spores transferred on unclean hands of others - causes serious intestinal conditions such as colitis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

found in lungs - causes tuberculosis

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

found in genitourinary tract, rectum, mouth, eye - causes gonorrhea, PID, infectious arthritis, conjunctivitis

Rickettsia rickettsii

found in wood tick - causes Ricky Mountain spotted fever

Staphylococcus epidermidis

found in skin - causes wound infection, bacteremia

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

found in skin, water, soil - causes pneumonia, UTI, meningitis

Hepatitis A Virus

found in feces, blood, urine - causes infectious hepatitis

Hepatitis B Virus

found in feces, blood, all body fluids & excretions - causes serum hepatitis

Hepatitis C Virus

found in blood & body fluids - causes liver disease (may become chronic)

Herpes Simplex Virus

found in lesions of mouth, skin, blood, excretions - causes cold sores, aseptic meningitis, STD

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

blood, semen, vaginal secretions (also isolated in saliva, tears, urine, breast milk, but not proven to be sources of transmission) - causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Hantavirus

found in deer mouse urine, feces, saliva - causes upper respiratory infection (URI), lower respiratory infection (LRI), Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (HF)

found in contaminated blood/body fluid, fruit bat - causes hemorrhagic fever, vascular permeability, shock, death - potential bioterrorism threat

West Nile Virus

mosquito-borne - causes fever, rash, hepatitis, encephalitis

Aspergillus Organisms

found in soil, dust - causes aspergillosis, allergic bronchopulmonary

Candida albicans

found in mouth, skin, colon, genital tract - causes thrush, dermatitis

Plasmodium falciparum

found in mosquitos - causes malaria

Neoplasm

new growth of cells that proliferate w/o purpose

Benign

develop slowly, usually remain encapsulated & don't infiltrate surrounding tissue - rarely reoccur after surgical removal

Malignant

invasive cells that multiply excessively & tend to infiltrate other tissues

Carcinoma

cancer of epithelial cells

Sarcoma

cancer of supportive tissues - bone, muscle

Lymphoma

cancer of lymph nodes & tissue of immune system

Leukemia

cancer of blood cell

Melanoma

cancer of melanin producing cells

Metastasis

spreading of malignant disease/pathogenic microorganisms from 1 organ/body part to another not directly connected to it

Carcinogen

external exposure that causes cancer - chemicals, radiation, viruses

Biopsy

excision of tissue from living body, followed by microscopic examination for purpose of exact diagnosis

Hospice

unique concept of care developed to help patients & their families deal w/ life threatening illness

Physical Trauma

head & body trauma from falls, motor vehicle accidents (MVA's), physical abuse, penetrating injuries, near drowning, burns

Chemical Agents

pollutants, poisons, drugs, preservatives, etc.

Other Trauma

extreme heat/cold, radiation, electric shock, insect/snake bites

Antigen

substance causing allergic response

Anaphylaxis

severe systemic allergic response characterized by redness, itching, swelling, & water buildup (angioedema)

Autoimmune Diseases

inappropriate/excessive response of body's defense mechanism that allows immune system to become self-destructive (eg. rheumatoid arthritis)

Immunodeficiency Disorders

depressed/absent immune responses - may be secondary to disease/infection/damage to immune system from drugs, radiation, surgery (eg. AIDS)

Diagnosis

medical history (predisposing factors, drug allergies, current therapies), physical exam, diagnostic studies & lab tests

Social Determinants of Health

Education (experiential learning, collaborative learning, integrated curriculum, continuing professional development), Organization (supportive organizational environment, vision for & commitment to SDH education), Community (community engagement, community priorities, reciprocal commitment)

Prognosis

likely course of disease

Inflammation

a response of body tissues to injury or irritation; characterized by pain and swelling and redness and heat

Nontraditional (Holistic) Medicine

chiropractic, massage, aromatherapy, acupuncture, herbs, magnetic therapy, hypnosis, music therapy

Genetic Diseases

Down Syndrome, Cerebral Palsy (spastic, athetoid, ataxic, mixed), Muscular Dystrophy, Spina Bifida (spina bifida occulta, meningocele, myelomeningocele), Hydrocephalus