Pathology
scientific study of diseases
Homeostasis
internal stability (BP, electrolytes)
Symptoms
subjective complaints by the patient
Signs
abnormal objective findings - evidence of disease
Asymptomatic
w/o symptoms
Syndrome
defined collection of signs & symptoms that characterize a disorder/condition
Pathogenesis
development of a disease occurs in stages (eg. incubation, full blown, remission)
Acute
abrupt onset - may resolve or result in death
Chronic
develops slowly or lasts longer than 6 months
Predisposing Factors
age, sex, lifestyle, environment, heredity
Risk Factors that CAN'T Change
age, gender, heredity, race
Risk Factors that CAN Change
lifestyle, environment
Preventive Healthcare
improved safety measures involving operation of machinery & automobiles, protective labeling & packaging of food, drugs & toxic products, general public safety education, vaccinations
Genes
basic unit of heredity - small stretches of DNA situated on particular site of chromosome
Genetic Diseases
produced by (1) abnormality in/mutation of genetic code of single gene, (2) several abnormal genes, (3) abnormal presence/absence of entire chromosome/alteration in structure of chromosomes
Infectious Diseases
caused by pathogens
Local Infection
redness, swelling, heat, pain, fever, pus, enlarged lymph glands, & red streaks - isolated to one part of the body
Widespread Infection
fever, headache, body aches, weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, & delirium - spread throughout body
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
found in colon, manure - causes enteritis (mild to severe)
Staphylococcus aureus
found in skin, hair, anterior naris - causes wound infection, pneumonia, food poisoning, cellulitis
Streptococcus (beta-hemolytic group A)
found in oropharynx, skin, perianal area - causes "strep throat," rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, impetigo
Streptococcus (beta-hemolytic group B)
found in adult genitalia - causes UTI, wound infection, endometritis
Clostridium difficile (C. difficile)
found in contaminated surfaces/spores transferred on unclean hands of others - causes serious intestinal conditions such as colitis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
found in lungs - causes tuberculosis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
found in genitourinary tract, rectum, mouth, eye - causes gonorrhea, PID, infectious arthritis, conjunctivitis
Rickettsia rickettsii
found in wood tick - causes Ricky Mountain spotted fever
Staphylococcus epidermidis
found in skin - causes wound infection, bacteremia
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
found in skin, water, soil - causes pneumonia, UTI, meningitis
Hepatitis A Virus
found in feces, blood, urine - causes infectious hepatitis
Hepatitis B Virus
found in feces, blood, all body fluids & excretions - causes serum hepatitis
Hepatitis C Virus
found in blood & body fluids - causes liver disease (may become chronic)
Herpes Simplex Virus
found in lesions of mouth, skin, blood, excretions - causes cold sores, aseptic meningitis, STD
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
blood, semen, vaginal secretions (also isolated in saliva, tears, urine, breast milk, but not proven to be sources of transmission) - causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Hantavirus
found in deer mouse urine, feces, saliva - causes upper respiratory infection (URI), lower respiratory infection (LRI), Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (HF)
found in contaminated blood/body fluid, fruit bat - causes hemorrhagic fever, vascular permeability, shock, death - potential bioterrorism threat
West Nile Virus
mosquito-borne - causes fever, rash, hepatitis, encephalitis
Aspergillus Organisms
found in soil, dust - causes aspergillosis, allergic bronchopulmonary
Candida albicans
found in mouth, skin, colon, genital tract - causes thrush, dermatitis
Plasmodium falciparum
found in mosquitos - causes malaria
Neoplasm
new growth of cells that proliferate w/o purpose
Benign
develop slowly, usually remain encapsulated & don't infiltrate surrounding tissue - rarely reoccur after surgical removal
Malignant
invasive cells that multiply excessively & tend to infiltrate other tissues
Carcinoma
cancer of epithelial cells
Sarcoma
cancer of supportive tissues - bone, muscle
Lymphoma
cancer of lymph nodes & tissue of immune system
Leukemia
cancer of blood cell
Melanoma
cancer of melanin producing cells
Metastasis
spreading of malignant disease/pathogenic microorganisms from 1 organ/body part to another not directly connected to it
Carcinogen
external exposure that causes cancer - chemicals, radiation, viruses
Biopsy
excision of tissue from living body, followed by microscopic examination for purpose of exact diagnosis
Hospice
unique concept of care developed to help patients & their families deal w/ life threatening illness
Physical Trauma
head & body trauma from falls, motor vehicle accidents (MVA's), physical abuse, penetrating injuries, near drowning, burns
Chemical Agents
pollutants, poisons, drugs, preservatives, etc.
Other Trauma
extreme heat/cold, radiation, electric shock, insect/snake bites
Antigen
substance causing allergic response
Anaphylaxis
severe systemic allergic response characterized by redness, itching, swelling, & water buildup (angioedema)
Autoimmune Diseases
inappropriate/excessive response of body's defense mechanism that allows immune system to become self-destructive (eg. rheumatoid arthritis)
Immunodeficiency Disorders
depressed/absent immune responses - may be secondary to disease/infection/damage to immune system from drugs, radiation, surgery (eg. AIDS)
Diagnosis
medical history (predisposing factors, drug allergies, current therapies), physical exam, diagnostic studies & lab tests
Social Determinants of Health
Education (experiential learning, collaborative learning, integrated curriculum, continuing professional development), Organization (supportive organizational environment, vision for & commitment to SDH education), Community (community engagement, community priorities, reciprocal commitment)
Prognosis
likely course of disease
Inflammation
a response of body tissues to injury or irritation; characterized by pain and swelling and redness and heat
Nontraditional (Holistic) Medicine
chiropractic, massage, aromatherapy, acupuncture, herbs, magnetic therapy, hypnosis, music therapy
Genetic Diseases
Down Syndrome, Cerebral Palsy (spastic, athetoid, ataxic, mixed), Muscular Dystrophy, Spina Bifida (spina bifida occulta, meningocele, myelomeningocele), Hydrocephalus