Biol 104 Final Exam Review

These flashcards cover key concepts in biology including cell structure, reproduction, genetic principles, evolution, and metabolic processes.

What differentiates prokaryotes from eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have both.

What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells?

Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes, whereas diploid cells have two sets.

What does a homozygous genotype mean?

A homozygous genotype has two identical alleles for a specific gene.

What is gene expression?

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, usually protein.

What are restriction enzymes used for in genetic technology?

Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sequences to create recombinant DNA.

What is genetic drift?

Genetic drift is the change in allele frequencies in a population due to random sampling of organisms.

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

The two stages of photosynthesis are the light reactions and the Calvin cycle.

What role does ATP play in cellular processes?

ATP provides energy for cellular work by releasing energy when the bond between its phosphate groups is broken.

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

In a hypertonic solution, a cell loses water and may shrink or crenate.

What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?

The overall equation for cellular respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.

What type of fermentation occurs in human muscle cells?

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in human muscle cells during anaerobic respiration.