PSYCH 212 exam review

Developmental scientists are interested in

Human growth and change across the entire lifespan

Lifespan development is

Multidisciplinary, studying growth and change across all life stages

Which is a normative transition?

Starting kindergarten at age 5

Which is a non-normative transition?

Parents lose their son at age 12

What is a cohort?

Group born around same time with shared experiences

Who belongs to the Baby Boom cohort?

David, born in 1946

Which factor emphasizes economic and social influence?

Socioeconomic context

Collectivist cultures emphasize

Group harmony and goals

Individualistic cultures emphasize

Independence and personal achievement

The life-expectancy revolution was due to

Antibiotics and vaccines

Freud's lasting contribution

Early childhood experiences influence later life

Bowlby's Attachment Theory claims

Attachment enhanced survival

Bandura's Social Learning Theory emphasizes

Learning by observing and imitating others

A key Bandura concept is

Self-efficacy

Operant conditioning focuses on

Reinforcement and punishment

Positive reinforcement means

Adding a stimulus to increase behavior

Erikson's theory emphasizes

Stage challenges to resolve across lifespan

Piaget's theory emphasizes

Qualitative stage changes in cognition

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory

Multiple interacting contexts (micro, meso, exo, macro, chrono)

A twin study compares

Identical and fraternal twins

An adoption study compares

Adopted children to biological and adoptive parents

A longitudinal study

Follows the same group over time

A cross-sectional study

Compares different groups at one point in time

Correlational studies

Observe relationships without manipulation

Experiments are useful because they

Can prove causality via manipulation

The independent variable is

The variable that is manipulated

The dependent variable is

The variable that is measured

The control group

Is not exposed to the independent variable

The experimental group

Receives the treatment

The uterus is

The muscular organ that houses the developing baby

Fertilization usually occurs in

A fallopian tube

Chromosomes are

DNA strands carrying genes

DNA is

The material that makes up genes

Genes are

Segments of DNA that code for proteins

The germinal stage lasts

The first 2 weeks after fertilization

The embryonic stage lasts

Weeks 3-8, major organs form

The fetal stage lasts

From week 9 to birth

The age of viability is

About 22-23 weeks

The first trimester includes

Morning sickness and miscarriage risk

The second trimester includes

Quickening and feeling better

The third trimester includes

Physical discomfort and waiting for birth

Teratogens are

Substances that can harm the fetus

Teratogens cause most structural damage during

The embryonic stage

Smoking during pregnancy can cause

Low birth weight

Alcohol during pregnancy may cause

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Down syndrome is caused by

An extra chromosome 21

Huntington's disease is an example of

A dominant disorder

Cystic fibrosis is an example of

A recessive disorder

Hemophilia is an example of

A sex-linked disorder

Genetic counseling helps

Assess risks and advise families

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Uses a sample of placenta tissue for testing

Infertility is defined as

The inability to conceive after 1 year

In vitro fertilization (IVF) means

An egg is fertilized outside the womb

The first stage of labor includes

Dilation and effacement

The second stage of labor includes

Birth of the baby

The third stage of labor includes

Expulsion of the placenta

The Apgar scale assesses

A newborn's health (color, breathing, reflexes)

Low birth weight is

Under 5.5 pounds at birth

Very low birth weight is

Under 3.25 pounds at birth

Infant mortality is highest in

Developing nations