Molecules and Cells: Unit 3 Freshman Biology

Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, they are hydrophobic and used in making the cell membrane

lipids

held together by peptide bonds, used to make proteins

amino acids

short term energy molecule, cellulose and starch are examples of these

carbohydrates

Contain a ribose (sugar), nitrogenous base and phosphate group; when connected form nucleic acids that contain the genetic information

nucleotides

which of the following has the highest amount of H+ atoms: pH=1, pH=4, pH=7, pH=10

pH=1

True or False: Reactants are written on the right side of the chemical equation and Products are written on the left side of the chemical equation

false

Proteins that convert reactants to products by making a chemical reaction go faster

enzyme

Chemical reactions that absorb more energy than they release

endothermic

Activation energy needed for a chemical reaction is decreased by a

catalyst

Given that cells are the basic unit of life and that all living things are made up of cells, what is the third principle of Cell Theory

all cells are produced by other living cells

What part of the cell serves to process, package and export proteins

golgi aparatus

Large numbers of ribosomes exist in what part of the cell and what do they do?

Rough ER Synthesize proteins

Which organelle synthesizes phospholipids for the cell membrane

smooth ER

Which organelle is involved in the production of energy molecules for the cell

mitochondria

which organelles are involved in the process of endocytosis

vesicles

type of transport in which water passes from a less concentrated salt solution to a more concentrated salt solution

osmosis

True or False: diffusion moves molecules to an area of lower concentration

true

A molecule that crosses the cell membrane binds to what type of molecule inside the membrane?

membrane receptor

A molecule sends a message to the cell by binding to which type of molecule in the cytoplasm or inside of the cell.

intercellular receptor

The vacuole will (Absorb/release) water when a cell is put into a higher salt concentration compared to its own contents. 

release because water flows out of the cell

___________ is a process that takes substances into the cell

endocytosis

__________ is a process that releases substance outside the cell

exocytosis

True or False: Active transport moves molecules from low concentration to high concentration

True

The energy molecule that provides energy for active transport

ATP

True or False: Endocytosis and Exocytosis require energy and are an example of active transport

true

What is an atom

An atom is the smallest basic unit of matter

What two things does an atom have?

An atom has a nucleus and electrons

What is a molecule?

A molecule is two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond

what does a polar molecule share

shares electrons unevenly

what does a covalent bond share

shares electrons evenly between two atoms

what forms an ionic bond

forms between oppositely charged ions

Hydrogen Ion Concentration

the amount of hydrogen in solution

What does pH measure

whether a substance is acidic or basic

Acidic pH

1-5

Neutral pH

6,7,8

Basic pH

9-14

What atom has unique bonding properties?

carbon

Monomers

individual subunits

what are polymers made of

made of many monomers

protein

biological molecule composed of several amino acids

What are proteins polymers of?

amino acid monomers

What links amino acids together

peptide bonds

what kind of compound is an amino acid

an organic compound

enzyme

a specific type of protein that carries out a chemical reaction

what two things does a catalyst do

speeds up chemical reaction and lowers activation energy

why do amino acids interact

to give a protein its shape

why is activation energy needed

energy needed to cause a chemical reaction to take place

Lipid

non-polar molecule that shares electrons unevenly and does not break down nicely in water

what is a fatty acid and what does it contain

basic unit of lipids. Contains hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon

what do unsaturated fats have

has at least one double bond

what do saturated fats not have

have no double bonds

Exothermic

release energy more than it produces

Endothermic

chemical reaction absorbs energy more than it produces into temperature

What does a carbohydrate include

Hydrated carbon that includes carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Monosaccharide

one sugar unit

what is glucose a source for

energy source; example of monosaccharide

Starches

long strands of glucose molecules linked together

Carbohydrates include…

sugars and starches

Nucleic acids are made up of…

made up of long chains of mucleotides

What three things do nucleotides contain

sugar

phospate

nitrogenous base

DNA

genetic material

RNA

intermediary

RNA is made in…

the ribosomes

Monomer and polymer of proteins

amino acid and enzyme

monomer and polymer of carbohydrates

monosaccharide and starch

monomer and polymer of nucleic acids

nucleodide and DNA/RNA

Monomer and polymer of lipids

fatty acids and glucose molecules

Three components of cell theory

all organisms are made up of cells

all existing cells are produced by other living cells

the cell is the most basic unit of life

prokaryote vs eukaryote

prokaryote lacks a nucleus and organelles. Eukaryote has a nucleus and organelles

Four things all cells have

cell membrane

DNA genetic material

proteins-ribosomes

cytoplasm

Hydrophillic

water loving ex. phosphate

Hydrophobic

water fearing ex. fatty acid

what happens in the ribosomes

site of proteins synthesis - link amino acids to form proteins

Cytoskeleton - what is in it and what does it do

network of protein filaments and tubules that provide structure and support for the cell. Can also provide a way of movement for the organelles

Cytoplasm

jelly-like interior of the cell

Nucleus

Organelle that contains genetic material and controls the activities of the cell

vesicles

membrane bound organelle that holds a unique type of molecule

exocytosis

transporting molecules outside of the cell

endocytosis

transporting molecules inside of the cell

what does mitochondria supply

supply energy to the cell and make ATP

Vacuoles

fluid-filled sacs that hold material (water) that keeps cell upright

Lysosomes contain…

contain enzymes to digest material and breaks things down

Centriole - what is is, what it’s made of, what it forms, what it does

tubes found in the centrosomes that are made up of tubulin protein. Forms cilia and flagella. Helps divide DNA

Centrosome

Two centrioles together

cell wall provides…

provides rigid support

Chloroplasts convert…

convert solar energy to chemical energy; site of photosynthesis

Cell membrane

regulates what goes in and out of the cell

Phospholipids are made of…

made up of two hydrophobic tails and phosphate group that’s hydrophillic

Cholesterol provides…

provides support for the cell membrane

Two kinds of passive transport

diffusion and osmosis

Facilitated Diffusion

the movement of molecules across the cell membrane with the help of membrane proteins but does not require energy