BIO 202 Renal I and II Anatomy and Physiology II Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards related to Renal Anatomy and Physiology, based on lecture notes.

Urinary System

System that rids the body of waste products and plays important roles in blood volume, pressure, and composition.

Urogenital (UG) System

The urinary system closely associated with the reproductive system due to shared embryonic development and adult anatomical relationship.

Solute

A substance dissolved in a solution.

Solvent

The liquid in which a solute is dissolved.

Osmolarity

The total concentration of a solution (total of all solutes).

Plasma

Water component of the blood; the solvent of blood.

Filtrate

The portion of the plasma that is filtered by the kidney.

Urine

The substance that is produced after the kidney acts on the filtrate.

Waste

Any substance that is useless to the body or present in excess of the body’s needs.

Metabolic Waste

Waste substance produced by the body.

Urea

A nitrogenous waste product formed in the liver from ammonia.

Uric Acid

Product of nucleic acid catabolism.

Creatinine

Product of creatine phosphate catabolism.

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Level of nitrogenous waste in blood.

Azotemia

Elevated BUN, may indicate renal insufficiency.

Uremia

Syndrome of diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea, and cardiac arrhythmia stemming from the toxicity of nitrogenous waste.

Excretion

Separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them.

Retroperitoneal

Located behind the peritoneum (e.g., kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, renal artery and vein, and adrenal glands).

Renal Fraction

The portion of cardiac output received by the kidneys (about 21%).

Interlobar Arteries

Arteries that pass up renal columns, between pyramids.

Arcuate Arteries

Arteries that arch over pyramids.

Cortical Radiate Arteries

Arteries that radiate up into cortex.

Afferent Arterioles

Supply one nephron and lead to a ball of capillaries—glomerulus.

Efferent Arterioles

Drain blood from the glomerulus.

Peritubular Capillaries

Capillaries that most efferent arterioles lead to.

Vasa Recta

A network of blood vessels within renal medulla, some efferents lead to.

Nephron

Functional unit of the kidney which consists of the renal corpuscle and renal tubule.

Renal Corpuscle

Filters the blood plasma.

Renal Tubule

Long, coiled tube that converts the filtrate into urine (proximal tubule, loop, distal tubule).

Glomerulus

A ball of capillaries in the renal corpuscle that filters blood.

Podocytes

Cells of the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule that wrap around the capillaries of the glomerulus.

Capsular Space

Separates the two layers of glomerular capsule.

Vascular Pole

The side of the corpuscle where the afferent arterial enters the corpuscle and the efferent arteriole leaves.

Urinary Pole

The opposite side of the corpuscle where the renal tubule begins.

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

Arises from glomerular capsule, longest and most coiled region, simple cuboidal epithelium with prominent microvilli for majority of absorption.

Nephron Loop

Long U-shaped portion of renal tubule consisting of descending and ascending limbs.

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

Begins shortly after the ascending limb reenters the cortex, shorter and less coiled than PCT, cuboidal epithelium without microvilli, end of the nephron.

Collecting Duct

Receives fluid from the DCTs of several nephrons as it passes back into the medulla and conserves water to concentrate urine under the influence of ADH.

Papillary Duct

Formed by merger of several collecting ducts.

Glomerular Filtration

First step in urine formation. Creates a plasmalike filtrate of the blood.

Tubular Reabsorption

Removes useful solutes from the filtrate, returns them to the blood (mainly in PCT).

Tubular Secretion

Removes additional wastes from the blood, adds them to the filtrate (mainly in DCT).

Water Conservation

Removes water from the urine and returns it to blood; concentrates wastes (mainly in the collecting duct, influenced by ADH).

Glomerular Filtrate

The fluid in the capsular space, similar to blood plasma except almost no protein.

Tubular Fluid

Fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule through the distal convoluted tubule, where substances have been removed or added by tubular cells.

Filtration Membrane

Allows molecules smaller than 3 nm to pass freely: water, electrolytes, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes, and vitamins.

Proteinuria (Albuminuria)

Presence of protein in urine.

Hematuria

Presence of blood in the urine.

Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (BHP)

High in glomerular capillaries (60 mm Hg).

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism

A system of hormones that helps control blood pressure and GFR.

Tubular Reabosorption

Process of reclaiming water and solutes from tubular fluid and returning them to blood.

Obligatory Water Reabsorption

Water reabsorbed at constant rate in PCT.

Specific Gravity

Compares urine sample’s density to that of distilled water.

Polyuria

Output in excess of 2 L/day.

Oliguria

Output of less than 500 mL/day.

Anuria

0 to 100 mL/day.

Diuretics

Any chemical that increases urine volume.

Inulin

A plant polysaccharide, neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the renal tubule, used to determine GFR.

Urinalysis

Examination of physical and chemical properties of urine.

Cystitis

Infection of the urinary bladder.

Pyelitis

Infection of the renal pelvis.

Pyelonephritis

Infection that reaches the cortex and the nephrons.

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

The fluid within cells.

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

The fluid outside cells.

Transcellular Fluid

A “catch-all” category for cerebrospinal, synovial, peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial fluids, vitreous and aqueous humors of the eye, bile, and fluids of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

Preformed Water

Water ingested in food and drink.

Metabolic Water

By-product of aerobic metabolism and dehydration synthesis.

Obligatory Water Loss

Output that is relatively unavoidable.

Insensible Water Loss

Water loss that is unnoticed such as expired breath.

Sensible Water Loss

Observable such as urine.

ADH

Antidiuretic hormone. Promotes water conservation.

Volume Depletion (Hypovolemia)

Occurs when proportionate amounts of water and sodium are lost without replacement; total body water declines, but osmolarity remains normal.

Hyponatremia

More water than Na+ retained or ingested; ECF becomes hypotonic, can cause cellular swelling.

Electrolyte Balance

Balances maintained by collective action of urinary, respiratory, digestive, integumentary, endocrine, nervous, cardiovascular, and lymphatic systems

Acids

Any chemical that releases H+ in solution.

Bases

Any chemical that accepts H+.

Buffer

Any mechanism that resists changes in pH, converting strong acids or bases to weak ones.