APHG SEMESTER REVIEW/ AP EXAM REVIEW

Culture

The shared beliefs, values, practices, behaviors, and technologies of a society.

Cultural Traits

Visible and invisible attributes that comprise a culture, such as food preferences, architecture, and land use.

Artifacts

Visible, physical objects created by a culture, including houses, clothing, toys, tools, and furniture.

Sociofacts

The social behaviors and institutions in a society, such as family, education, government, and religion.

Mentifacts

The ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge of a culture, including religious beliefs and food preferences.

Cultural Relativism

An unbiased view of another culture, promoting understanding that no culture is superior to another.

Ethnocentrism

Judging other cultures by the standards of one’s own culture, often believing that one's own culture is superior.

Local/Traditional Culture

Small, homogenous groups living in rural, isolated areas, known for stable practices and rich heritage.

Global/Popular Culture

Large, heterogeneous groups often found in urban areas, characterized by rapid change and global interconnectedness.

Cultural Norms

Agreed-upon cultural practices or standards that guide behavior within a culture.

Taboo

A behavior that is heavily discouraged or forbidden within a culture.

The global spread of American fast-food chains such as McDonald's and KFC, where their menus are often adapted to local tastes while maintaining core elements, is a classic example of what cultural phenomenon?

Example Of Stimulus Diffusion.

Cultural Hearth

The geographic origin of a culture or cultural trait from which it diffuses.

Language Family

The largest group of related languages connected through a common ancient ancestry.

Indo-European Language Family

The largest language family, with about 3.2 billion speakers distributed globally.

Language Branch

A collection of languages that share a common origin and are distinctive yet related.

Romance Branch

A branch of the Indo-European language family that includes languages like Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Italian.

Dialect

A variation of a standard language distinguished by differences in vocabulary, pronunciation, and spelling.

Isogloss

A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs.

Kurgan Warrior Theory

The theory that the Indo-European language first diffused from a hearth in modern Russia/Ukraine through military conquest.

Anatolian Farmer Theory

The theory that the adoption of the Indo-European language was facilitated through successful agricultural practices.

Colonialism

The practice of acquiring control over another country, often leading to the diffusion of language.

Military Conquest

The act of acquiring territory through military force, which can lead to the diffusion of language.

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another, which can contribute to language diffusion.

Diffusion

The process by which a cultural trait, idea, or religion spreads from one place to another.

Universalizing Religions

Religions that attempt to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location. Examples include Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Sikhism.

Ethnic Religions

Religions that are associated with a particular ethnic group and do not actively seek converts. Examples include Hinduism, Judaism, and Shintoism.

Contagious Diffusion

The spread of cultural traits through direct contact with individuals. An example is how Christianity spread through the Mediterranean.

Hierarchical Diffusion

The spread of a cultural trait from a person of power to other persons or places, such as how imperialism spread Christianity.

Relocation Diffusion

The spreading of an idea or cultural trait through the physical movement of people from one place to another.

Acculturation

The process by which a culture adopts some traits from another culture while retaining its own.

Assimilation

A process where individuals or groups of differing ethnicity or culture are absorbed into the dominant culture, often with the loss of their original culture.

Multiculturalism

The practice of valuing and respecting the diverse cultural backgrounds that coexist within a society.

Syncretism

The blending of two or more cultures or religions to form a new cultural trait.

Imperialism

The dominance of one country over another country through diplomacy or force.

Neocolonialism

'New' colonialism - a term describing how in modern times, imperialism can be pursued through political, economic, and cultural influence rather than occupation.

Colonialism

When a powerful country establishes settlements in a less powerful country for economic and/or political gain.

Pidgin Language

An extremely simplified, limited non-native language used by two people that speak two different languages.

Creole Language

A pidgin language that develops into a new combined language with native speakers.

Lingua Franca

A common language used by speakers of two different languages for communication, often for business or trade.

Dialect

Variations in accent, grammar, usage, and spelling that develop out of geographic distance or isolation.

Official Language

A language used by the government of a country for laws, reports, and public communication.

Globalization

The trend toward increased cultural and economic connectedness between people around the world.

Time-space convergence

The shrinking of the world due to improvements in communication and transportation technologies.

Cultural Convergence

The process of two or more cultures coming into contact and adopting each other's traits.

Cultural Divergence

When cultures become less alike due to barriers or restrictions in contact with other cultures.

Cultural Hearth

The geographic origin of a culture or cultural trait from which traits first diffuse.

Diffusion

The movement or spread of cultural traits, knowledge, ideas, trends from hearths to other geographic areas.

Relocation Diffusion

The spread of a cultural trait through the migration of people.

Expansion Diffusion

The spread of a cultural trait through the interaction between people.

Contagious Diffusion

A cultural trait that spreads rapidly and widely from its hearth through close contact between people.

Hierarchical Diffusion

The spread of cultural traits from the most interconnected, powerful, wealthy people/organizations to others.

Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion

The spread of cultural traits from the least interconnected, wealthy, or powerful people/organizations outwards.

Stimulus Diffusion

When cultural traits spread and are altered or modified due to cultural barriers or taboos.

Viral Videos

Content that spreads rapidly over the internet, exemplifying contagious diffusion.

Example of Relocation Diffusion

The migration of Europeans to the Americas resulting in the spread of Christianity and European languages.

Cultural Landscape

A natural landscape that has been modified by humans, reflecting their cultural beliefs and values.

Sequent Occupancy

The idea that societies or cultural groups leave their cultural imprints when they live in a place, each contributing to the overall cultural landscape over time.

Ethnic Neighborhoods

Clusters of people of the same ethnicity in specific locations, often resulting from chain migration and a response to racism and discrimination.

Gendered Spaces

Places in the cultural landscape that reinforce or accommodate gender roles for men and women.

Centripetal Forces

Characteristics that unify a country and provide stability, such as common language, ethnicity, or religion.

Centrifugal Forces

Characteristics that divide a country and create instability, such as competing ethnicities, languages, or religions.

Sense of Place

Unique attributes of a specific location shaped by cultural influences and feelings evoked by the people in that place.

Traditional Architecture

Architecture influenced by the environment, built with local materials, and reflective of history and culture.

Postmodern Architecture

Diverse design styles in architecture that are representative of popular culture and economic success.

Terrace Farming

An agricultural technique where flat areas are cut out of mountainous terrain to create arable land, common in Asia and Latin America.

Population Composition

The structure of a population, including the percentage of children, elderly, males, and females.

What are population pyramids used for?

To assess population growth and decline and to predict markets for goods and services.

What does a high dependency ratio indicate?

A high number of dependents (young and elderly) compared to the working-age population.

What is the age range that qualifies as young dependents in the dependency ratio?

Under the age of 15.

What is the age range that qualifies as elderly dependents in the dependency ratio?

Over the age of 65.

What happens to the working population with a high dependency ratio?

They may face higher taxes to support the dependent population.

How can population pyramids indicate population growth?

If the youngest age group (0-4) is larger than the next older group (5-19).

How can population pyramids indicate population decline?

If the youngest age group (0-4) is smaller than the next older group (5-19).

What is a stable population pyramid shape?

Rectangular at the bottom age groups (0-19), indicating stability.

What impact does an aging population have on income taxes?

Elderly individuals typically pay less income taxes.

What is a cause of increased healthcare costs in aging populations?

As life expectancy increases, healthcare costs rise due to more demand for services.

What is a potential career opportunity in response to an aging population?

Positions in the elder care industry, such as geriatric therapists and in-home healthcare providers.

What traditional family structure change is mentioned regarding the aging population?

The bride moves into her husband’s family's residence.

Why is the elderly population often politically active?

They are typically the most politically active group with specific interests in healthcare and retirement.

What is the sex ratio?

The proportion of males to females in a population.

What are some factors that may cause an imbalanced sex ratio?

War, insufficient healthcare for women, migration, and gendercide.

Why are there more women than men aged 80 and up?

Many men in that age group were killed during World War II.

According to the notes, what is the life expectancy for Russian women?

76 years old.

According to the notes, what is the life expectancy for Russian men?

64 years old.

What health issues contribute to lower life expectancy for men?

Alcoholism, suicide, and diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and tuberculosis.

What demographic data can be analyzed in population composition?

The percentage of children, the elderly, and the gender ratio.

What types of dependencies are addressed by the dependency ratio?

Youth dependency and elderly dependency.

What significant societal needs may arise from a high rate of children in the population?

Increased demand for education, childcare, and maternal support.

What could be a major consequence of an increasing aging population?

Increased demand for healthcare infrastructure and elder care facilities.

What does a population pyramid with a narrow base suggest?

A declining or shrinking population.

Why should sex ratio be examined at multiple scales?

Differences in gender ratios can vary significantly across regions and cultures.

Pro-Natalist Population Policies

Government programs designed to increase fertility rate and accelerate population growth.

Aging Population

A demographic trend where the average age of a population increases, often leading to labor shortages.

Expansive Population Policies

Another term for pro-natalist policies aimed at boosting population growth.

Labor Force Concerns

Concerns regarding the adequacy of a working population to support the economy.

Stage 4 Countries

Countries with low birth and death rates, typically more developed.

Stage 5 Countries

Countries that are experiencing declining populations due to very low birth rates.

Financial Support

Economic aid provided by the government to encourage families to have more children.