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Prokaryotic cell
A type of cell that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cell
A type of cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Biomolecules
Molecules that are essential for life, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Cellular components
The different parts or structures that make up a cell, such as the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.
Biochemical reactions
Chemical reactions that occur within living organisms, often involving the conversion of molecules into different forms.
Animal cells
Cells that make up the tissues and organs of animals, characterized by their lack of cell walls and ability to move.
Plant cells
Cells that make up the tissues and organs of plants, characterized by their cell walls and ability to perform photosynthesis.
Prokaryotes
Primitive, simple, and unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotes
Organisms that have cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
Archaea
A type of prokaryotic organism that can live in extreme environments, such as acidic or alkaline conditions.
Bacteria
A type of prokaryotic organism that includes many pathogenic species and can cause diseases in humans.
Methanogens
Archaea that can convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methane gas.
Extremophiles
Organisms that can survive and thrive in extreme conditions, such as high temperatures or high acidity.
Cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic bacteria that were formerly called blue-green algae.
Nucleus
The organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities. Largest organelle.
Plasma membrane
The outer boundary of a cell that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Ribosomes
Structures in cells that synthesize proteins.
Cell wall
A rigid structure outside the plasma membrane that provides support and protection to the cell.
Flagella
Locomotory organelles that allow cells to move.
Cilia
Hair-like projections on the surface of cells that help with movement.
Cytosol
The fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds organelles and where organelles are suspended
Endoplasmic reticulum
A network of sacs and tubules involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.
Golgi apparatus
An organelle that processes and packages proteins for transport.
Mitochondria
Organelles that generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration.
Lysosomes
Organelles that contain digestive enzymes for breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.
Peroxisomes
Organelles that contain enzymes involved in the breakdown of fatty acids and detoxification of harmful substances.
Cytoskeleton
A network of proteins that provides structural support and allows for cell movement.
Microtubules
Hollow tubes made of tubulin proteins that help maintain cell shape and facilitate cell motility.
Actin filaments
Thin strands of actin proteins that are involved in muscle contraction and cytoplasmic streaming.
Intermediate filaments
Fibrous proteins that provide structural support and anchor the nucleus and other organelles.
Phagocytosis
The process by which cells engulf and digest solid particles, such as food.
Autophagy
The process by which cells break down damaged organelles and recycle their components.
Nucleoid
The region in prokaryotic cells where the DNA is located.
Plasmid
An extrachromosomal piece of circular DNA found in prokaryotic cells.
Capsule
A jelly-like outer coating found in many prokaryotic cells.
Vacuoles
Membrane-bound organelles that store water, nutrients, and waste materials in plant and fungal cells.
Plastids (chloroplasts)
Organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place.
Vacuole
Membrane-bound organelle found in the cytoplasm of cells, serving as a reservoir for food and waste products.
Cell wall
Rigid support structure composed of polysaccharides and proteins, surrounding plant cells and providing protection against osmotic or mechanical rupture.
Animal Cell vs Plant cell
A comparison between the structures and characteristics of animal cells and plant cells.
Centrioles
Structures found in animal cells, composed mainly of proteins called tubulin, with a 9 + 0 pattern of microtubules triplets. They help in cell division in animals and also contribute to the formation of the centrosome, cilia, and flagella.
Viruses
are neither eukaryotic nor prokaryotic. They are considered acellular entities that require a host cell to replicate.
Robert Hooke
looked at thin slice of cork through a compound microscope and observed tiny, hollow, roomlike structures. (1665)
Hans and Zacharias Janssen
produced first compound microscope
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
observed living cells and āanimalculesā
Matthias Schleiden
discovered that plant parts are made of cells. (1838)
Theodor Schwann
discovered that animal parts are made of cells. (1839)
Rudolph Virchow
stated that all living cells come only from other living cells. (1855)
Archaea (Archaeabacteria)
many are called Extremophiles
Acidophiles
Acid loving microbes
ALKALOPHILES.
live in soda lakes
HALOPHILES
Salt loving, live in Dead Sea & Great Salt Lake
CYANOBACTERIA
are photosynthetic eubacteria, formerly called blue-green algae
Motion of cilia
back and forth motion
Motion of flagella
undulating or snakelike motion
organelles
well defined compartments inside the cell; dedicated to important cellular tasks
cytoplasm
large space containing numerous components in solution
PSYCHROPHILES
cold loving - live in antarctic ice & seas
THERMOPHILES
heat loving, in acid hot springs, deep ocean geysers
Bacteria (Eubacteria)
are pathogenic and may cause diseases
Bacillus anthracis
anthrax
Clostridium botulinum
botulism
Staphylococcus aureus
sepsis, endocarditis, & nosocomial (hospital-borne) infections
Salmonella
food poisoning & typhoid
Prokaryotes (Location)
located in the cytoplasm
Eukaryotes (location)
located in the nucleus
Note
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