GMAT Reading Comprehension & Math

suffrage

the right to vote

contraceptive

a measure taken, or a device used, to lessen the likelihood of conception and pregnancy

gender-specific

referring only to males or only to females

glass ceiling

A metaphor alluding to the invisible barriers that prevent minorities and women from being promoted to top corporate positions.

grassroots activism

The principle is that for democratic power to be best exercised it must be vested in a local community and common members and instead of isolated, atomized individuals, at the top of the organization

homemaker

someone who takes care of the home and children, housewife

liberation

the act of setting someone free from imprisonment, slavery, or oppression; release, freedom

marital status

state of being single, married, separated, divorced or widowed

patriarchy

A form of social organization in which males dominate females

division of household labor

家事の分担

childbearing

the process of giving birth to children

child rearing

Providing care and supervision to support the developmental needs of a child

Afro-American

African American

New World

North and South America

reservation

Federal land set aside for Native Americans

assimilation

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

civil disobedience

A nonviolent, public refusal to obey allegedly unjust laws.

pueblo

a communal village built by Indians in the southwestern United States

demography

Scientific study of human populations

competitive advantage

a set of unique features of a company and its products that are perceived by the target market as significant and superior to those of the competition

core competence

Firm skills that competitors cannot easily match or imitate.

economy of scale

the cost advantages a company gains with the increase in production

first mover advantage

The ability of an innovative company to achieve long-term competitive advantages by being the first to offer a certain product in the marketplace

M&A

mergers and acquisitions

subcontract

to engage a third party in the provision of value to a customer

subsidiary

a company that is completely controlled by another company

price elastic

The demand for a product is highly responsive to price changes. The range of a demand curve where elasticities of demand are greater than 1.0.

niche market

A smaller part of a larger market in which customers have more specific needs and wants

lead

a contact already determined to be a prospective customer

depreciation

(n.) a lessening in value; a belittling

dividend

The portion of corporate profits paid out to stockholders

IPO

Initial public offering, a corporation's first offer to sell shares to the public

opportunity cost

the value of the next-highest-valued alternative use of that resource. If, for example, you spend time and money going to a movie, you cannot spend that time at home reading a book, and you can't spend the money on something else.

turnover

Sales/Average Operating Assets 回転率

overdue

coming later than expected or needed

shareholder

A person who invests in a corporation by buying stock and is a partial owner

labor/trade union

an organized association of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.

benefits package

all the extra benefits that a company offers

interaction

the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)

heredity

Passing of traits from parents to offspring

biosphere

the part of Earth where life exists

carvivore

animal that feeds on other animals

biomass

the total mass of organisms in a given area or volume.

chloroflu

chemicals that have the potential to destroy the ozone; ex.) hair-spray, refrigeration, etc.フロンガス

water disposal

is waste from the home to the sewer

hydroelectric

Electricity generated by flowing water

geothermal

Energy derived from the heat in the interior of the earth

runoff

Water that moves across the land surface and into streams and rivers

embellish

to decorate

cordial

friendly, from the heart

homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

unicellular organism/monocellular

An organism made up of one cell.

microorganism

microscopic animal or plant 微生物

multicellular

Made up of more than one cell.

spinal cord

nervous tissue within the spinal cavity;脊髄

nervous tissue

Tissue that senses stimuli and transmits signals.

mucous membrane

Membrane that secretes mucus that lubricates the surface of organs and keeps them moist. 粘膜

epithelial tissue

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out

connective tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts

botany

study of plants

zoology

the study of animals

molecular biology

The study of the molecular basis of genes and gene expression; molecular genetics.

physiology

The study of body function

fungus/fungi

菌類

mold

カビ

moss

tiny leafy-stemmed flowerless plants

pest

Unwanted organism that directly or indirectly interferes with human activities.

host

An organism on which a parasite lives.

alga/algae

Algae are defined as a group of predominantly aquatic, photosynthetic, and nucleus-bearing organisms that lack the true roots, stems, leaves, and specialized multicellular reproductive structures of plants.

cytoplasm

the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.

reptile

An ectothermic vertebrate that lays eggs and has lungs and scaly skin.

amphibian

able to live both on land and in water

crustacean

a form of marine life having a crust-like shell

poultry

domestic fowl, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese.飼育している鳥

habitat

Place where an organism lives

inhabit

to live in or on

terrestrial

of, on, or relating to the earth

aquatic

relating to water

arboreal

relating to trees

artery;arterial

carries blood away from the heart動脈

vein;venous

A blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart.静脈

sap

樹液

spore

A tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism胞子

germinate

cause to sprout; sprout

perennial

(adj.) lasting for a long time, persistent; (n.) a plant that lives for many years

chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

fertilize

to supply with nourishment for plants by adding helpful substances to the soil; penetration of the egg by sperm受精する

ovum

egg 卵子

incubation

the process of incubating eggs, cells, bacteria, a disease, etc.

incubate

(of a bird) sit on (eggs) in order to keep them warm and bring them to hatching; be developing an infectious disease before symptoms appear.

metamorphosis

a transformation or dramatic change

Chromosome

A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. 染色体

chronic

continuing for a long time

susceptible

vulnerable

contagious

Able to be passed easily from one person to another.

congenital

present at birth; opposite of aquired

paralysis

temporary or permanent loss of motor control麻痺

dose

The amount of substance given at one time.

tumor

A mass of abnormal cells that develops when cancerous cells divide and grow uncontrollably. 腫瘍

bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchi気管