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Rhetoric
The study of the elements of speaking or writing.
Pathos
An appeal to reason based on emotions.
Ethos
An appeal to reason based on credibility and morals.
Logos
An appeal to reason based on logic.
S-Subject
What is the subject?
O-Occasion (Exigence)
Why did the author write this? When is this being written?
A-Audience
To whom is this being written?
P-Purpose
What are you trying to accomplish?
S-Speaker
Who is speaking?
T-Tone
What is the author's tone of voice? Are they charming or offending me?
Rhetorical Appeals
Ethos (credibility), pathos (emotional), or logos (logic).
Point of View
The writer speaks in first or third person. (rarely second)
Diction
Kind of language used; word choice.
Syntax
Sentence structure or word arrangement.
Imagery
Appeals to the senses.
Figurative Language
Metaphors, similes, symbolism, irony.
Theme
What the writer is saying about the way the world is or the way people are.
Loathsome
(adj.) Hateful; detestable.
Pestilential
(adj.) Likely to cause disease.
Copious
(adj.) Plentiful, abundant.
Improvident
(adj.) Shortsighted; foolish.
Avarice
(noun) Greed for riches; greed.
Pacify
(verb) Calm; soothe.
Authoritarian
Refers to a Monarchy; strict obedience to authority.
Egalitarian
Refers to democracy; belief that everyone is equal.
Consent of the Governed
The people who are being led (being ruled over) are being led by someone they've chosen.
Calvinism
Calvin was among the leaders of the protestant reformation and two things that he emphasized were the sovereignty of God and innate depravity.
Sovereignty of God
God is active in human history.
Innate Depravity
All humans are born inherently flawed.
Omnipotent
(adj.) All-powerful.
Ineffable
(adj.) Inexpressible.
Dolorous
(adj.) Sad; mournful.
Fus
Fused sentence (two complete sentences are together).
Frag
Sentence fragment (an incomplete thought).
Awk
Awkward sentence (doesn't make sense or is clumsily crafted).
Agr
Subject/verb agreement (subject and verb must agree).
//
Parallelism (two sides of a phrase don't match or correspond with one another).
Cs
Comma splice (two independent clauses are joined by a comma without a conjunction).
Noun
Person, place, or thing.
Pronoun
A word that takes the place of a noun.
Verb
Expresses action or state of being (Assert: says something about something).
Adjective
A descriptor, describes nouns (describes which, what kind, and how many).
Adverbs
Describes verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (tell how, when, where, or why).
Preposition
Connects (usually a small word), connects its (needed) object to the rest of the sentence.
Conjunction
Combine words, clauses, etc., doesn't need an object.
Interjection
Expresses a sudden feeling or emotion, has no grammatical value.
Transitive verb
Verbs that have an object.
Intransitive verb
Verbs that express action without objects.
Linking verb
Help to make a statement not by expressing action but by expressing a state or condition.
Principal parts of verbs
Infinitive, past tense, and past participle.
Verb tenses
Show how long an action has lasted; present, past, future, present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect.
Verb conjugation
Present, past, future, present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect.
Active voice
Subject is doing the work.
Passive voice
Object is doing the work.
Participle
A verb used as an adjective.
Gerund
A verb that functions as a noun.
Infinitive
The most basic form of a verb.
Direct object
The recipient of the action of a transitive verb.
Predicate nominative
Type of subject complement that describes the subject as a new noun or noun phrase.
Predicate adjective
Adjectives that modify or describe the subject of a sentence or clause.
Personal pronouns
I, me, he, him, you, she, her, it, we, us, they, them | my, mine, your(s), his, her(s), its, our(s), their(s).
Indefinite pronouns
All, another, any/anybody/anyone, both, each, either, everybody/everyone, few, many, most, neither, nobody, none, no one, one, other, several, some/somebody/someone, such.
Relative pronouns
Who, whom, which, that, whose.
Pronoun case
The form of a pronoun that indicates how it functions in a sentence.
Pronoun gender
Words used to refer to people, and they can indicate how someone identifies his gender.
Pronoun number
An indication of how many of the antecedents are present.
Coordinating conjunctions
A conjunction placed between words, phrases, clauses, or sentences of equal rank; FANBOYS.
Subordinating conjunctions
Used to begin subordinate clauses, usually adverb clauses.
Adverbial conjunctions
Word/phrase that functions as both an adverb and a conjunction.
Sentence
A group of words containing a verb that expresses a thought.
Clause
A group of words with a subject and a verb.
Phrase
A group of related words.
Inductive reasoning
The process of using a number of specific facts or observations to draw a logical conclusion.
Deductive reasoning
The process of applying a generalization (or generalized belief) to a series of specific cases.
Syllogism
basic reasoning form
Ad hominem
a personal attack on an opponent that draws attention away from the issues under consideration
Bandwagon
an argument saying, in effect, 'Everyone's doing or saying or thinking this, so you should, too.'
Begging the question (FALSE ASSUMPTION)
an argument that assumes what in fact needs to be proved
False authority
the assumption that an expert in one field can be credible in another
False cause
the assumption that because one event follows another, the first is the cause of the second
False dilemma
a statement that only two alternatives exist, when in fact there are more than two
Hasty generalization
a conclusion based on too little evidence or on exceptional or biased evidence
Slippery slope
the assumption that if one thing is allowed, it will be the first step in a downward spiral
Stereotyping
generalizing based on a type
Non sequitur
'it does not follow' one thing does not logically come after another thing
Tu quoque
'you too.' Answers a criticism with a criticism during an argument.
Red herring
somebody brings up something totally irrelevant but somewhat sensational that will get the opponent off track
Equivocation
standing with one foot each in two different boats and trying to keep them from going apart. The arguer needs to eventually settle on a decision.
Primitivism
the notion that man in his simplest form is at his best
Humanitarianism
every human being has value
Individualism
individuals are important. It views society from the bottom up
Natural Mysticism
the belief that nature was the source of spiritual health
Emotionalism
being intensely emotional is not a bad thing
Satire
literature that mocks
Autobiographies
present life events as the writer sees them
Aphorism
a short saying with a message
Arduous
(adj.) difficult
Vigilance
(n.) watchfulness
Disposition
(n.) management or nature
Foppery
(n.) foolishness
Note 
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