AP Lang Cumulative Vocabulary Sweepstakes

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183 Terms

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Rhetoric

The study of the elements of speaking or writing.

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Pathos

An appeal to reason based on emotions.

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Ethos

An appeal to reason based on credibility and morals.

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Logos

An appeal to reason based on logic.

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S-Subject

What is the subject?

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O-Occasion (Exigence)

Why did the author write this? When is this being written?

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A-Audience

To whom is this being written?

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P-Purpose

What are you trying to accomplish?

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S-Speaker

Who is speaking?

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T-Tone

What is the author's tone of voice? Are they charming or offending me?

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Rhetorical Appeals

Ethos (credibility), pathos (emotional), or logos (logic).

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Point of View

The writer speaks in first or third person. (rarely second)

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Diction

Kind of language used; word choice.

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Syntax

Sentence structure or word arrangement.

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Imagery

Appeals to the senses.

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Figurative Language

Metaphors, similes, symbolism, irony.

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Theme

What the writer is saying about the way the world is or the way people are.

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Loathsome

(adj.) Hateful; detestable.

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Pestilential

(adj.) Likely to cause disease.

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Copious

(adj.) Plentiful, abundant.

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Improvident

(adj.) Shortsighted; foolish.

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Avarice

(noun) Greed for riches; greed.

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Pacify

(verb) Calm; soothe.

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Authoritarian

Refers to a Monarchy; strict obedience to authority.

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Egalitarian

Refers to democracy; belief that everyone is equal.

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Consent of the Governed

The people who are being led (being ruled over) are being led by someone they've chosen.

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Calvinism

Calvin was among the leaders of the protestant reformation and two things that he emphasized were the sovereignty of God and innate depravity.

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Sovereignty of God

God is active in human history.

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Innate Depravity

All humans are born inherently flawed.

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Omnipotent

(adj.) All-powerful.

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Ineffable

(adj.) Inexpressible.

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Dolorous

(adj.) Sad; mournful.

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Fus

Fused sentence (two complete sentences are together).

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Frag

Sentence fragment (an incomplete thought).

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Awk

Awkward sentence (doesn't make sense or is clumsily crafted).

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Agr

Subject/verb agreement (subject and verb must agree).

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//

Parallelism (two sides of a phrase don't match or correspond with one another).

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Cs

Comma splice (two independent clauses are joined by a comma without a conjunction).

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Noun

Person, place, or thing.

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Pronoun

A word that takes the place of a noun.

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Verb

Expresses action or state of being (Assert: says something about something).

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Adjective

A descriptor, describes nouns (describes which, what kind, and how many).

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Adverbs

Describes verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (tell how, when, where, or why).

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Preposition

Connects (usually a small word), connects its (needed) object to the rest of the sentence.

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Conjunction

Combine words, clauses, etc., doesn't need an object.

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Interjection

Expresses a sudden feeling or emotion, has no grammatical value.

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Transitive verb

Verbs that have an object.

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Intransitive verb

Verbs that express action without objects.

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Linking verb

Help to make a statement not by expressing action but by expressing a state or condition.

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Principal parts of verbs

Infinitive, past tense, and past participle.

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Verb tenses

Show how long an action has lasted; present, past, future, present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect.

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Verb conjugation

Present, past, future, present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect.

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Active voice

Subject is doing the work.

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Passive voice

Object is doing the work.

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Participle

A verb used as an adjective.

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Gerund

A verb that functions as a noun.

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Infinitive

The most basic form of a verb.

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Direct object

The recipient of the action of a transitive verb.

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Predicate nominative

Type of subject complement that describes the subject as a new noun or noun phrase.

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Predicate adjective

Adjectives that modify or describe the subject of a sentence or clause.

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Personal pronouns

I, me, he, him, you, she, her, it, we, us, they, them | my, mine, your(s), his, her(s), its, our(s), their(s).

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Indefinite pronouns

All, another, any/anybody/anyone, both, each, either, everybody/everyone, few, many, most, neither, nobody, none, no one, one, other, several, some/somebody/someone, such.

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Relative pronouns

Who, whom, which, that, whose.

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Pronoun case

The form of a pronoun that indicates how it functions in a sentence.

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Pronoun gender

Words used to refer to people, and they can indicate how someone identifies his gender.

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Pronoun number

An indication of how many of the antecedents are present.

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Coordinating conjunctions

A conjunction placed between words, phrases, clauses, or sentences of equal rank; FANBOYS.

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Subordinating conjunctions

Used to begin subordinate clauses, usually adverb clauses.

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Adverbial conjunctions

Word/phrase that functions as both an adverb and a conjunction.

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Sentence

A group of words containing a verb that expresses a thought.

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Clause

A group of words with a subject and a verb.

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Phrase

A group of related words.

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Inductive reasoning

The process of using a number of specific facts or observations to draw a logical conclusion.

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Deductive reasoning

The process of applying a generalization (or generalized belief) to a series of specific cases.

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Syllogism

basic reasoning form

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Ad hominem

a personal attack on an opponent that draws attention away from the issues under consideration

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Bandwagon

an argument saying, in effect, 'Everyone's doing or saying or thinking this, so you should, too.'

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Begging the question (FALSE ASSUMPTION)

an argument that assumes what in fact needs to be proved

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False authority

the assumption that an expert in one field can be credible in another

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False cause

the assumption that because one event follows another, the first is the cause of the second

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False dilemma

a statement that only two alternatives exist, when in fact there are more than two

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Hasty generalization

a conclusion based on too little evidence or on exceptional or biased evidence

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Slippery slope

the assumption that if one thing is allowed, it will be the first step in a downward spiral

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Stereotyping

generalizing based on a type

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Non sequitur

'it does not follow' one thing does not logically come after another thing

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Tu quoque

'you too.' Answers a criticism with a criticism during an argument.

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Red herring

somebody brings up something totally irrelevant but somewhat sensational that will get the opponent off track

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Equivocation

standing with one foot each in two different boats and trying to keep them from going apart. The arguer needs to eventually settle on a decision.

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Primitivism

the notion that man in his simplest form is at his best

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Humanitarianism

every human being has value

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Individualism

individuals are important. It views society from the bottom up

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Natural Mysticism

the belief that nature was the source of spiritual health

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Emotionalism

being intensely emotional is not a bad thing

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Satire

literature that mocks

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Autobiographies

present life events as the writer sees them

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Aphorism

a short saying with a message

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Arduous

(adj.) difficult

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Vigilance

(n.) watchfulness

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Disposition

(n.) management or nature

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Foppery

(n.) foolishness