Chemistry Test

Descriptive Chemistry

A survey of the chemicals and processes that are important to our daily lives

Hydrogen

The most abundant element in the universe

Steam reforming

the most important commerical method of preparing hydrogen

Electrolysis

Another method for preparing pure hydrogen

Ammonia

The primary use of hydrogen

Haber process

The process of making ammonia

Hydrogenation

The addition of hydrogen to double or triple bonds

Oxygen

The most abundant element in the earths crust

Allotropes

Forms of the same element they differ in their properties but exist in the same physical state

Photosynthesis

the process in which plants use energy from sunlight to convert CO2

Combustion

A very familiar reaction involving oxygen

Hydrogen peroxide

H2O2

Free Radicals

antibacterial action of H2O2 is not due to the oxygen production, but to these highly reactive molecules

Ozone Layer

region of the atmosphere where there is a higher concentration of ozone

1937

What year was the burning of the Hindenburg

Nitrogen

Obtained through fractional distillation

Nitrogen Fixation

When living organisms convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates

Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)

a refrigerant that has chlorine fluorine and carbon

Nitrous Oxide

Known as laughing gas

Nitrogen Dioxide

toxic, brownish gas

Sodium Nitrate

NaOH(aq), NO(g) and NO2(g) react to form the nitrite salt,

Nitric acid

One of the most important inorganic acids

Oswald process

produced nitric acid commercially with the _____

Nitroglycerin

Is an understandable liquid that detonates unpredictably with slight shock

Dynamite

If Nitroglycerin is absorbed into porous silica, the result is more stable and known as ____

Phosphorus

the tenth most abundant element in the earths crust

White phosphorus

 is a trans-parent, waxy, crystalline solid composed of discrete, tetrahedral P4

Red Phosphorus

 much more stable than white phosphorus, and consists of phosphorus molecules that have been joined

Phosphorus trisulfide

A compound that strikes anywhere it matches

Phosphoric acid

one of the most important industrial chemicals in the United States

Phosphates

common in everyday life

Eutrophication

Is the process of phosphates acting as a fertilizer for algae in lakes and streams, causing these organisms to rapidly multiply

Organophosphates

Toxic insects and are widely used to protect food crops from pests

ATP

Energy carrier of the cell

Sulfur

composes only about 0.05% of the earth’s crust by mass but is easily obtained because it often occurs in its elemental form.

Gypsum

A mineral that contains sulfur compounds and water

Rhombic

Ring shaped molecules of 8 sulfur atoms

Monoclinic

Rhombic Sulfur is converted into _____ when heated above 96 degrees celsius

Plastic Sulfur

when liquid sulfur, at a temperature of about 200°C, is cooled quickly by being poured into cold water

Frasch process

What process is used to extract elemental sulfur from the earth's crust?

Claus process

The removed hydrogen sulfide is converted to elemental sulfur using the __________

Sulfuric acid

The most important chemical in the United States

Contact process

Which process is used commercially to produce sulfuric acid?

Sulfur dioxide

forms when sulfur is burned in air or when metal sulfides are heated in air

Scrubber

To prevent pollution, SO2 O(l) is commonly removed from power-plant exhaust gases by a device called a _________

Hydrogen Sulfide

is a colorless, highly toxic gas with an offensive odor.

Carbon disulfide

Is a colorless, flammable liquid formed by heating carbon and sulfur to a high temperature

Halogens

too reactive to be found naturally in their free state

Fluorine

Most reactive of any element

Refrigerents

Special chemicals used in air conditieners, refrigerators, freezers, and heat pumps to remove heat from the sub-stance to be cooled.

Freons

a group of compounds containing carbon, fluorine, and chlorine.

PTFE

used for its chemically inert and non-stick properties in electrical insulators

Perfluorocarbons

organic compounds having their hydrogen atoms replaced with fluorine atoms.

Montreal protocol

Freons and related compounds were banned in the early 1990s by the _____

Chlorine

a foundation of much of our modern technology

Perfluorocarbons

organic compounds having their hydrogen atoms replaced with fluorine atoms

DDT

is banned because they were toxic (insecticide)

PCB

is banned because they were toxic (electricity)

Halons

Fire fighting chemicals banned in montreal

protocol

Iodine

antiseptic

Tincture of Iodine

is used for its antiseptic action on

cuts or scrapes

Thyroxine

produced by the thyroid gland, contains iodine

Goiter

condition Lack of sufficient iodine in the diet

results in an enlarged thyroid gland

Incandescent Light

80% argon 20% nitrogen

Neon Lamps

”Neon”

Malleable

shaped

Ductile

made into wires

Metallurgy

Extracting metals from their naturally occurring materials and preparing them for use

Ore

naturally occurring material containing a

metal in sufficient concentration to make its extraction profitable

Flotation

mixing water oil and detergent with crushed ore in tank

Concentration

the ore after flotation

Reduce

make compound into a free metal

Flux

substance that reacts with the gangue

Refine

makes extracted metal to the desired degree of purity.

Alloy

a mixture of two or more metals, usually melted together

Electrolysis

melt salt then running the electricity through it to create to solid sodium and a gas

Sodium

Alkali metals

LIthium

Alkali metal used in building space crafts

Sodium Hydroxide

also known as lye; used for cleaning

Hard Water

metal ions dissolved in water

Ion

exchange resins

Beryllium

transmit x rays without absorbing them; low density and high strength

Magnesium

burns very bright

Calcium Ion(Ca2+)

bones and teeth need it and muscles need it to contract

Calcium carbonate

limestone

Magnesium sulfate

creates epsom salts

Barium Sulfate

Used to take xrays of internal organs absorbs x rays

PVC

What chlorine compound is a durable, chemically inert plastic?

Fluoride

Which element is put into toothpaste and drinking water to protect against this formation of cavities?