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Descriptive Chemistry
A survey of the chemicals and processes that are important to our daily lives
Hydrogen
The most abundant element in the universe
Steam reforming
the most important commerical method of preparing hydrogen
Electrolysis
Another method for preparing pure hydrogen
Ammonia
The primary use of hydrogen
Haber process
The process of making ammonia
Hydrogenation
The addition of hydrogen to double or triple bonds
Oxygen
The most abundant element in the earths crust
Allotropes
Forms of the same element they differ in their properties but exist in the same physical state
Photosynthesis
the process in which plants use energy from sunlight to convert CO2
Combustion
A very familiar reaction involving oxygen
Hydrogen peroxide
H2O2
Free Radicals
antibacterial action of H2O2 is not due to the oxygen production, but to these highly reactive molecules
Ozone Layer
region of the atmosphere where there is a higher concentration of ozone
1937
What year was the burning of the Hindenburg
Nitrogen
Obtained through fractional distillation
Nitrogen Fixation
When living organisms convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates
Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)
a refrigerant that has chlorine fluorine and carbon
Nitrous Oxide
Known as laughing gas
Nitrogen Dioxide
toxic, brownish gas
Sodium Nitrate
NaOH(aq), NO(g) and NO2(g) react to form the nitrite salt,
Nitric acid
One of the most important inorganic acids
Oswald process
produced nitric acid commercially with the _____
Nitroglycerin
Is an understandable liquid that detonates unpredictably with slight shock
Dynamite
If Nitroglycerin is absorbed into porous silica, the result is more stable and known as ____
Phosphorus
the tenth most abundant element in the earths crust
White phosphorus
 is a trans-parent, waxy, crystalline solid composed of discrete, tetrahedral P4
Red Phosphorus
 much more stable than white phosphorus, and consists of phosphorus molecules that have been joined
Phosphorus trisulfide
A compound that strikes anywhere it matches
Phosphoric acid
one of the most important industrial chemicals in the United States
Phosphates
common in everyday life
Eutrophication
Is the process of phosphates acting as a fertilizer for algae in lakes and streams, causing these organisms to rapidly multiply
Organophosphates
Toxic insects and are widely used to protect food crops from pests
ATP
Energy carrier of the cell
Sulfur
composes only about 0.05% of the earth’s crust by mass but is easily obtained because it often occurs in its elemental form.
Gypsum
A mineral that contains sulfur compounds and water
Rhombic
Ring shaped molecules of 8 sulfur atoms
Monoclinic
Rhombic Sulfur is converted into _____ when heated above 96 degrees celsius
Plastic Sulfur
when liquid sulfur, at a temperature of about 200°C, is cooled quickly by being poured into cold water
Frasch process
What process is used to extract elemental sulfur from the earth's crust?
Claus process
The removed hydrogen sulfide is converted to elemental sulfur using the __________
Sulfuric acid
The most important chemical in the United States
Contact process
Which process is used commercially to produce sulfuric acid?
Sulfur dioxide
forms when sulfur is burned in air or when metal sulfides are heated in air
Scrubber
To prevent pollution, SO2 O(l) is commonly removed from power-plant exhaust gases by a device called a _________
Hydrogen Sulfide
is a colorless, highly toxic gas with an offensive odor.
Carbon disulfide
Is a colorless, flammable liquid formed by heating carbon and sulfur to a high temperature
Halogens
too reactive to be found naturally in their free state
Fluorine
Most reactive of any element
Refrigerents
Special chemicals used in air conditieners, refrigerators, freezers, and heat pumps to remove heat from the sub-stance to be cooled.
Freons
a group of compounds containing carbon, fluorine, and chlorine.
PTFE
used for its chemically inert and non-stick properties in electrical insulators
Perfluorocarbons
organic compounds having their hydrogen atoms replaced with fluorine atoms.
Montreal protocol
Freons and related compounds were banned in the early 1990s by the _____
Chlorine
a foundation of much of our modern technology
Perfluorocarbons
organic compounds having their hydrogen atoms replaced with fluorine atoms
DDT
is banned because they were toxic (insecticide)
PCB
is banned because they were toxic (electricity)
Halons
Fire fighting chemicals banned in montreal
protocol
Iodine
antiseptic
Tincture of Iodine
is used for its antiseptic action on
cuts or scrapes
Thyroxine
produced by the thyroid gland, contains iodine
Goiter
condition Lack of sufficient iodine in the diet
results in an enlarged thyroid gland
Incandescent Light
80% argon 20% nitrogen
Neon Lamps
”Neon”
Malleable
shaped
Ductile
made into wires
Metallurgy
Extracting metals from their naturally occurring materials and preparing them for use
Ore
naturally occurring material containing a
metal in sufficient concentration to make its extraction profitable
Flotation
mixing water oil and detergent with crushed ore in tank
Concentration
the ore after flotation
Reduce
make compound into a free metal
Flux
substance that reacts with the gangue
Refine
makes extracted metal to the desired degree of purity.
Alloy
a mixture of two or more metals, usually melted together
Electrolysis
melt salt then running the electricity through it to create to solid sodium and a gas
Sodium
Alkali metals
LIthium
Alkali metal used in building space crafts
Sodium Hydroxide
also known as lye; used for cleaning
Hard Water
metal ions dissolved in water
Ion
exchange resins
Beryllium
transmit x rays without absorbing them; low density and high strength
Magnesium
burns very bright
Calcium Ion(Ca2+)
bones and teeth need it and muscles need it to contract
Calcium carbonate
limestone
Magnesium sulfate
creates epsom salts
Barium Sulfate
Used to take xrays of internal organs absorbs x rays
PVC
What chlorine compound is a durable, chemically inert plastic?
Fluoride
Which element is put into toothpaste and drinking water to protect against this formation of cavities?