Unit 4 AP HG Terms

Ethnicity

a group of people who share a common cultural tradition from a particular homeland or hearth, a cultural group

Ethnic Enclave

An area with a high concentration of an ethnic group that differs from the majority in the surrounding area, described from the perspective of the majority population

Ethnic Exclave

An area with a high concentration of an ethnic group that differs from the majority in the surrounding area, described from the perspective of the minority group

Territoriality

Attachment to, or protection of, a particular area by a certain individual or group

Ghetto

A section of a city where a minority group resides due to social, legal, or economic discrimination

Race

A group of people who are perceived to share physiological features, such as skin color

Nation

an ethnicity who desires self-determination, or the ability to govern

State

An area organized into a political unit.  Meets each of the four requirements below:

1. Sovereignty: Ability to govern oneself (control over internal and external affairs) no colonies 

2. Government: It must be a political unit, not just a territory 

3. Boundaries: It must occupy a clearly defined territory 

4. Recognition: It must be recognized by the international community 

Province

An administrative division of a state (country)

Nation-State

An area where the boundaries of a state and a nation perfectly overlap

Balkanization

The process where a state breaks down due to ethnic conflict

Shatterbelt

A site of balkanization on earth

Centripetal Force

Borrowed from physical science, a term to describe forces that unite people

Centrifugal Force

Borrowed from physical science, a term to describe forces that divide or pull people apart

Ethnocentrism

To view the world from the perspective of your ethnicity

Self Determination

A groups ability to make its own decisions and control its own affairs

Racism

Belief that race determines traits and capabilities, and the differences between races leads to the superiority of one race compared to others

Patriotism

Pride in your state

Nationalism

Loyalty, pride and devotion to a nation or nationality

Ethnonationalism

Type of nationalism practiced by an ethnic group that desired additional sovereignty than their current situation

Multinational State

A state that contains more than one nation

Multiethnic State

A state made up of multiple ethnicities

Apartheid

Legal system of segregation in South Africa until 1991 that created a legal system of discrimination and segregation for Black residents

Ethnic Cleansing

Purposeful policy of one ethnicity or religious group to remove through terror and violence any other ethnic or religious group from a certain area

Iron Curtain

Term first used by Winston Churchill to describe the symbolic, ideological, and physical divide in Cold War Europe

Democratization

Transition to a more democratic form of government

Political Ecology

Study of how economic and political structures impact the environment in a globalizing world

Stateless Nation

A nation (ethnic group who desires sovereignty) that lacks a state where they dominate politically and demographically

Multi-State Nation

A nation (ethnic group who desires sovereignty) that is spread across multiple states where they dominate

Microstate

A sovereign state with either a small population or land area, often both.

Compact State

A state where the distance from the center to any boundary point does not vary greatly (forming a roughly circular shape)

Prorupted State

A state that includes an extension that protrudes from the main region

Elongated State

As it sounds, a state that is much longer in one direction than the other

Fragmented State

A state that includes multiple non contiguous (not connected) territories.

Perforated State

A state which completely surrounds another state.

Political Exclave

Isolated land area that is a part of a state, but not connected by land

Political Enclave

A state that is surrounded completely by ONE other state

Landlocked State

A state that is completely surrounded by other states, leaving it no direct access to a sea

Irredentism

Effort to annex (add) territory administered by another state to a state on the ground of shared ethnicity and/or history

Natural Boundary

A border between states comprised of natural formations such as rivers, mountain ranges, or other bodies of water

Artificial Boundary

A border between states created by humans, the border can only be observed on a map or by man made signage or other changes to the environment

Antecedent Boundary

A boundary that existed prior to settlement of an area

Geometric Boundary

An artificial boundary created using lines of longitude and latitude

Subsequent Boundary

A border between states established after the settlement of the area where the border attempt to accommodate cultural differences

Voluntary Boundary

A border agreed upon by the people that live in an area

Superimposed Boundary

A boundary created after a population has already been established, without regard for the cultural patterns of the people living in the area

Treaty of Westphalia

1648 European Peace Treaty that ended the Thirty Years War and established the concept of nation-states in European political geography

Berlin Conference

Meeting of European leaders in 1885 to organize the colonization of the African continent

Sovereignty

Freedom for a state to control its internal affairs

Colonialism

When one state establishes settlements in another territory in an attempt to impose political, economic and cultural control of the area

Decolonization

The undoing of colonialism, when prior colonies gained their independence.

Frontier

An area where no state has complete political control

Supranational Organization

A group of states that choose to give up (cede) some of their sovereignty in return for the benefits associated with group membership

International Organization

A group of states can form this by creating a set of norms or rules that all members should follow, differs from a supranational organization in that no sovereignty is lost

Cartel

A group of suppliers who join together to limit the supply of their good on the market, increasing profits and conserving supply for future production

Federal State

A government system that includes power at multiple levels of government

Unitary State

A state where all government power is concentrated in in a central government

Autonomous Region

An area within a state has a level or freedom or autonomy from the state government or external authority

Fragile State

A state that lack stability as measured by a variety of factors, states can be compared using the Fragile States Index

Buffer Zone

an area separating two groups of people where conflict might occur