APUSH Exam

this is my five steps to a five

How did the American feel towards political leaders during the late 1980s and why?

they were uncomfortable due to the growing cynicism

What speech did President Jimmy Carter give in the late 1970s and how did it impact the American citizens?

He gave the “crise of confidence” speech and it disturbed many Americans

How did Ronald Ragan present himself in the 1980s campaign?

he presented himself as Washington’s outsider and the opposite of Carter

What year did Ronald Reagan run for president?

1980

What did Ronald Reagan emphasize during his political campaign?

he emphasized positive aspects of America vs. Carter blaming American self-indulgence and consumerism

Why did many people vote for Ronald Reagan?

because of his “can-do” attitude regardless of politics

Why did Carter lose potential votes during the 1980 election?

John Anderson's third-party candidacy attracted "protest vote" that might have gone to Carter

What economic policies did Ronald Reagan endorse during his presidency?

he believed reducing corporate taxes would lead to greater profits, job creation, and wealth trickle down, so he deregulated on a large scale in the banking, industry, and environment sectors. He also cut taxes across the board for all Americans

What economy theory did Ronald Reagan apply during his presidency?

applied the theory of supply-side economics

What were the effects of Reagan’s economic policies?

though there was little effect initially as the country continued in recession, the results are mixed. The inflation subsided, but criticism was that the rich got richer and the poor got poorer due to the investment choices of the wealthy.

What was the goal of the New Federalism Plan during the Ronald Reagan’s administration?

Shift power from national government to states. while the states took complete responsibility for welfare, food stamps, and other social welfare programs, the National government would assume the entire cost of Medicaid

Why was the goal of the new federalism plan never accomplished?

The states feared in an increasing in costs for the state government

What effected did increasing military spending have during the Ronald Reagan’s administration?

Funded research into space-based missile shield system (Strategic Defense Initiative or SDI) and escalated the arms race with USSR

Why did the deficit increase during the Reagan administration?

a mixture of tax cuts, government spending and borrowing, and failure of the new federalism

How did foreign policy change under Reagan’s administration?

the ending of the cold war and eased tensions between the US and the Soviet Union

Who wins the election of 1988?

George W. Bush

What societal change gets destroyed during the 1980s?

progressive liberalism → liberalism and feminism become frowned-upon topics

What happens during the presidency of George W. Bush regarding to international affairs?

the Soviet Union is broken up and the Berlin Wall is dismantled, marking the end of the Cold War. The Persian Gulf War started.

Operation Desert Storm

during the Persian Gulf War, massive air strikes were conducted against Iraqi targets in response to Saddam Hussein invading Kuwait

What was a major reason for changing demographics in the 1900s?

immigrants, especially Asians and Hispanics, were rapidly increasing

What were the reasons of immigration to the US?

Employment of skilled workers (scientists) and political refugees

Simpson-Mazzoli Act in 1986

outlawed the employment of illegal immigrants and granted legal status to some illegal aliens

Bracero Program (1942-1964)

guest worker program that aimed to curb illegal immigration by offering temporary employment to migrant farm workers

William Jefferson Clinton

the 42nd President of the United States and the first Democrat to be elected after Jimmy Carter.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

signed into law by Clinton and aimed to eliminate trade barriers among the United States, Mexico, and Canada

1994 Congressional Election

the Republicans took back control of Congress, but their power was limited by Clinton's executive power

the Clinton-Lewinsky Scandal

a scandal between President Clinton and Monica Lewinsky, a White House intern, which resulted in Clinton's impeachment, but he was acquitted by the Senate and remained in office to finish his second term.

Telecommunications Act of 1996

significantly reduced regulations on media concentration and cross-ownership of media outlets, which led to less competition

George W. Bush Administration

saw a rise in neoconservatism and an opposition to paleo conservatism. focused on spreading democracy and putting American corporate interests first through military abroad. Many people loss faith in the ability of the federal government to solve social and economic problems

Shirley Chisholm

first African American woman elected to Congress in 1968

Colin Powell

the other African American Secretary of State under George W. Bush

Condoleezza Rice

one of the African American Secretary of State under George W. Bush

Thurgood Marshall

appointed to Supreme Court by Lyndon Johnson in 1960s

Jesse Jackson

African American who ran for Democratic nomination in 1984 and 1988

Barack Obama

Elected in 2008 as first African American president of the United States

9/11 Attacks

Al Qaeda (Osama bin Laden) attacks World Trade Center and Pentagon. US received Support from NATO allies for attack on Taliban government in Afghanistan

Evangelicalism

emphasized a “born-again” religious experience and strict standards of moral behavior from the Bible

Billy Graham, Jerry Falwell, and Pat Robertson

Conservative Evangelicals and fundamentalists who helped to mobilize like-minded citizens to support the Republican Party during the New Right

Taft-Hartley Act of 1947

restricted the ability to strike and preferential hiring of union members

Repeal of Glass-Steagall

signed by President Roosevelt in 1933, response to bank instability leading up to Great Depression ( Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999)

Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)

aimed to regulate the medical industry and provide subsidies to uninsured Americans

Presidential Election of 2016

Marked by ideological divisions within the Republican Party and a rivalry between Trump and Clinton. Started emergence of a new populism of skepticism for established institutions and optimism for political outsiders

President Eisenhower

________ played a role in the Suez Canal crisis and pressured Britain and France to withdraw.

Nixon

________ fought to prevent publication, concerned about effect on secret negotiations with North Vietnam, USSR, and China.

Feminists

________ fought against discrimination in hiring, pay, college admissions, and financial aid, and control of reproductive rights.

Martin Luther King

Montgomery bus boycott (1955) led to ________ Jr's national prominence and the integration of city buses.

Democratic Society

The Students for a(n) ________ (SDS) was formed in 1962 with leftist political agenda.

CIA

________ helped overthrow anti- American governments in Iran and Guatemala and tried (unsuccessfully) to assassinate Fidel Castro in Cuba.

Germany

________ was divided into 4 sectors after the war.

Cold War

The ________ was a power struggle between the two leading political- economic systems, capitalism and communism.

suburban home

The good life was defined as having a decent job, a(n) ________, and access to modern conveniences (consumerism)

Daniel Ellsberg

________: Government official who turned the Pentagon Papers over to the press.

Vietnam

________ was French colony until World War II.

Eisenhower

________ took office with intentions of imposing conservative values on the expanding federal government.

Marshall Plan

________- sent $ 12 billion to Europe to help rebuild its economy and promote economic growth.

Tet Offensive

________ was a major turning point in the war, North Vietnamese and Vietcong nearly captured American embassy in Saigon.

Berlin Wall

________ symbolized the repressive nature of communism and divide between democratic West and communist East.

National Organization

________ for Women (NOW) was formed in 1966 to fight for legislative changes, including the Equal Rights Amendment.

Congress

________ passed the Equal Pay Act (1963) requiring equal pay for equal work.

Korean War

The ________ began in June of 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea.

US troops

________ attacked North Korea under the umbrella of the United Nations, which led to China's entry into the war.

Alabama governor George Wallace

________ ran segregationist third- party campaign, popular in the South.

Free Speech movement

The ________ was formed at the University of California, Berkeley in 1964.

Supreme Court

The ________ established a constitutional right to privacy in Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

Presidential Election

1952 ________: The Republicans chose Dwight D. Eisenhower, a war hero, in the 1952 ________.

Kennedy

________ represented hope for many Americans as an advocate for the poor and critic of Vietnam War.

Military buildup

________ for the Cold War prevented major cuts to the military budget.

Lai Massacre

The My ________ occurred in 1968, US soldiers abused, tortured, and murdered innocent civilians.

Cuban missile crisis

________ in 1962 brought US and Soviet Union closest to military confrontation.

Gerald Ford

________: Vice President and later President who granted Nixon a presidential pardon.

Peace Talks

________: ________ began soon after, but the war dragged on for two more years.

Marshall Plan

sent $12 billion to Europe to help rebuild its economy and promote economic growth

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt promised to regulate business and restore competition

First New Deal

Franklin Roosevelt focused on immediate public relief and recovery of banks

Second New Deal

Franklin Roosevelt addressed shortcomings of the First New Deal and responded to changing political climate

Truman's Early Decisions

Truman decided to attempt a reunification of Korea after early military successes

Truman's Decision

Truman decided against MacArthur's recommendation, thinking a war with China would be imprudent

1952 Presidential Election

The Republicans chose Dwight D. Eisenhower, a war hero, in the 1952 presidential election

Truman's Unpopularity

Truman was unpopular, and America was ready for a change

Two major events heightened American-Soviet tensions

Cuba and Berlin Wall

Rulings on rights of the accused

Gideon v. Wainwright, Miranda v. Arizona

Examples of police violence

Selma, Birmingham

Mississippi

three civil rights workers murdered by local police department

1968

King assassinated

Focus on single issues

ending abortion, criticizing affirmative action, emphasizing traditional gender roles and nuclear family

Henry Kissinger

Secretary of State under Nixon

Daniel Ellsberg

Government official who turned the Pentagon Papers over to the press

Gerald Ford

Vice President and later President who granted Nixon a presidential pardon

Hoover

________ initially opposed federal relief efforts, but later initiated a few programs and campaigned for works projects.

Consumerism

________ was fueled by the rise of household appliances and the advertising industry.

Gangster Era

________ inspired many movies and television series.

Washington Conference

The ________ was held in 1921- 1922 and resulted in a treaty that limited armaments and reaffirmed the Open Door Policy toward China.

Sedition Act

________ made it illegal to try to prevent the sale of war bonds or speak disparagingly of the government, military, or Constitution.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

Hoover had the ________ established to bail out large companies and banks.

National Industrial Recovery Act

________ (NIRA) consolidated businesses and coordinated activities to eliminate overproduction.

Harry S Truman

________ represented the US after Roosevelt's death.

FDR

________ signed Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, creating first peacetime draft in US history.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

________ (AAA) provided payments to farmers in return for cutting production, funded by increased taxes on food processors.

Civilian Conservation Corps

________ (CCC) provided grants to states for their own PWA- like projects.

Schenck

________ was arrested and convicted for violating the Espionage Act by printing and mailing leaflets urging men to resist the draft.