exam two

• neurologic maturation

• experience

factors that lead to smiling

curiosity

laughter develops with _________ in the first few months.

• contentment

• distress

the two emotions mainly experienced by newborns

~ 6 months

when is anger typically first felt?

the first few months

when does sadness typically appear?

frustration

anger is a healthy response to / develops from _______ .

• object permanence

• ability to recognize familiar faces

the development of sadness depends on:

sadness

indicates withdrawal & is stressful to infants

stranger wariness

experiencing wariness @ the approach of an unfamiliar person

separation anxiety

experiencing distress @ a caregiver leaving / being in a new environment with new people

• pride

• shame

• jealousy

• embarrassment

• disgust

• guilt

examples of self-conscious emotions

self-conscious emotions

emotions that require a sense of self, unlike basic emotions

self-recognition

the first step to developing self-awareness

• pretend play

• use of first-person pronouns

self-recognition correlates with:

self-recognition

the ability to recognize self in the mirror & manipulate “image” (reflection)

self-awareness

the realization that they are a distinct individual whose body, mind, & actions are separate from those of other people

social referencing

interpreting new experiences based on interactions with & the behaviors / reactions of others

• negative mood

• exuberance

• effortful control

• behavioral inhibition

dimensions of temperament

attachment

describes the affectionate tie between an infant & their caregiver

the “strange situation” paradigm

how is attachment measured / typed?

secure

attachment type: infant obtains both comfort & confidence from caregiver

• contact-maintaining

• proximity-seeking

indicative of a secure attachment

insecure attachment

attachment style: characterized by fear, anxiety, anger, or indifference

secure

most common attachment style

caregiver:

• is sensitive & responsive

• has a good support system

• has healthy relationships with other adults

predictors of a secure attachment

caregiver:

• mistreats / neglects

• has psychological disorder(s)

• in intrusive / controlling

• uses substances

• doesn’t have a support system

child:

• has a more negative affect / temperament

predictors of an insecure attachment

• insecure-avoidant

• insecure-anxious/ambivalent

the two insecure attachment patterns

insecure-avoidant

attachment type that occurs most often with emotionally unresponsive parents

insecure-avoidant

attachment style: infant avoids connection with caregiver / seems not to care about their presence, departure, or return

insecure-anxious/ambivalent

attachment type that occurs most often with pares that are inconsistently emotionally available

insecure-anxious/ambivalent

attachment style:

• infant is anxious & uncertain

• upset @ separation

• resists AND seeks contact at reunion

disorganized

least common type of attachment style

disorganized

attachment style: marked by inconsistent reactions to caregiver’s departure & return

disorganized

children with what attachment style are more likely to misbehave / harm other without intervention?

internal working model

prototype for future relationships

• formed early in babies based on experience

trust, reliability, safety

a secure attachment style leads to an internal working model of ______ in relationships.

unpredictability, need for self-protection

an insecure attachment style leads to an internal working model of ______ in relationships.

no! → can change with experience

are internal working models “set in stone”?

• ↑ in height (~12in)

• ↑ in weight (~16lbs)

• slim up → muscle replaces fat

body changes in early childhood (2-6)

• public awareness

• corporate policies

• family action

• proactive schools

methods to prevent obesity

obesity

chronic condition that can start in childhood

depression

obesity is linked to what psychological disorder?

• heart disease

• diabetes

• stroke

• cancer

obesity increases the risk of:

• eat whenever food is available

• resource-hoard

children from food-insecure households learn to:

encouraging overeating, especially if they experienced food insecurity themselves

role caregivers may play in childhood obesity

75

by 2, a child’s brain weighs ___% of adult brain weight.

90

by 6, a child’s brain weighs ___% of adult brain weight.

• frequently-used synapses are strengthened

• non-used synapses are pruned

• speed (myelination) & specialization (lateralization) are yet to develop

brain / neuronal growth at age two

myelination

the primary reason for kids’ ability to think faster as they grow

myelin

coats axions & increases the speed of signal transition between neurons

linear; symmetrical

myelination is NOT ________ or ________ .

• good sleep

• good nutrition

myelination in young children is variable & in response to:

• more complex emotions

• less frequent temper tantrums

• less frequent uncontrollable laughter / tears

results of prefrontal cortex maturation in early childhood

child maltreatment

intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under the ages of 18

rare; sudden

child maltreatment is neither ________ nor ________ .

child abuse

deliberate action that is harmful to a child’s physical, emotional, or sexual well-being

child neglect

failure to meet a child’s basic physical, educational, or emotional needs

neglect

most common form of maltreatment BUT often not considered as such by the public

• abuse

• neglect

the two types of child maltreatment

• delayed development

  • slow physical growth

  • immature communication

  • lack of curiosity

  • unusual social interactions

• injuries unlikely to be accidents (ESPECIALLY if repeated)

• ongoing physical complaints

• hyper-vigilance

• frequent school absences

• frequent change in caregivers

• no close friendships and/or hostility

signs of maltreatment in young children

• memory

• inhibition

• flexibility

the three essential skills that form executive function

• good nutrition

• regular sleep

• exercise

enhance executive function

theory of mind

the theory / understanding of what others are thinking

~4 (slow)

when does theory of mind develop?

regularly talking about their own emotions / ideas

how can caregivers guide theory of mind?

preoperational

piaget’s stage of development experienced during early childhood (2-7)

• includes language & imagination

• logical / operational thinking not yet possible

characteristics of preoperational intelligence

symbolic thought

understanding that words can refer to things not seen, such as letters & numbers

symbolic thought

understanding that leads to reading & spelling

animism

belief that inanimate objects & phenomena:

• are alive

• move around

• have human-like sensations & abilities

their logic is not yet operational

why is animism so common in young children?

children’s stories

animism is often reflected in:

• centration

• focus on appearance

• static reasoning

• irreversibility

preoperational obstacles to logic

centration

preoperational obstacle to logic:

• child centers on one idea & excludes all others

• illustrates egocentrism

focus on appearance

preoperational obstacle to logic: child ignores all attributes that are not apparent

static reasoning

preoperational obstacle to logic: child thinking that whatever is now has always been & will always be

irreversibility

preoperational obstacle to logic: children thinking nothing can be undone / be restored to before a change was made

irreversibility

preoperational obstacle to logic that causes difficulty with conservation tasks

Vygotsky

proposed / coined zone of proximal development & scaffolding

zone of proximal development

contains all the skills / knowledge an individual is capable of learning @ a certain point in time

• requires some pre-requisite knowledge / skills

scaffolding

temporary, tailored support to help a learner complete tasks within their zone of proximal development

emotion regulation

most important psychosocial accomplishment in early childhood (2-6)

emotion regulation

crucial aspect of executive function

• maturation

• learning

• culture

factors related to emotional regulation

effortful control

ability to regulate one’s emotions & actions through effort (not simply natural inclination)

marshmallow task

silly test used to measure effortful control

initiative vs. guilt

Erikson’s third psychosocial crisis

• prevents harming others

• vittal to empathy & moral compass

why is guilt necessary at times?

when it is overwhelming and/or pervasive

when does guilt become problematic?

initiative vs. guilt

Erikson’s psychosocial stage characterized by children undertaking new skills / activities & feeling guilt when they do not succeed

shame:

• harmful

• affects perception of self

guilt:

• appropriate @ times

• affects perception of actions

difference between shame & guilt

intrinsic motivation

internal drive to pursue a goal

intrinsic

type of motivation observed when children converse with imaginary friends (or others)

extrinsic motivation

external drive to pursue a goal

need to have achievements externally rewarded

extrinsic motivation arises from:

no!

are intrinsic & extrinsic motivation mutually exclusive?

play

most productive & enjoyable activity that children undertake

• emotional regulation

• empathy

• cultural understanding

playmates provide practice in:

social skills

play is important for learning:

timeless; universal

play is both ________ & ________ .