Geography paper 1 mock

Weathering

Breakdown of rock in the same place

Erosion

Wearing away of rock by the sea

Hydraulic action

Force of water hitting the cliff

Abrasion

Rock fragments scrape the cliff

Attrition

Rocks collide and get smaller

Solution

Acidic water dissolves rock

Transportation

Movement of sediment by waves

Longshore drift

Movement of material along the coast

Swash

Wave moving up the beach

Backwash

Wave moving back down the beach

Deposition

Dropping of sediment

Constructive waves

Low energy waves that build beaches

Destructive waves

High energy waves that erode beaches

Headland

Hard rock sticking out into the sea

Bay

Soft rock eroded back

Cliff

Steep rock face by the sea

Wave cut notch

Erosion at base of cliff

Wave cut platform

Flat area left after cliff collapse

Cave

Erosion of a crack in a cliff

Arch

Cave that has broken through a headland

Stack

Rock pillar left after arch collapse

Stump

Low rock left after stack erosion

Beach

Pile of sand or pebbles

Spit

Narrow ridge of sand joined to land

Bar

Spit that stretches across a bay

Tombolo

Spit that joins an island to land

Salt marsh

Area of mud and vegetation

Sand dunes

Hills of sand formed by wind

Hard engineering

Man made coastal defences

Sea wall

Concrete wall that reflects waves

Groynes

Wooden barriers that trap sediment

Rock armour

Large boulders that absorb wave energy

Gabions

Wire cages filled with rocks

Advantages hard engineering

Long lasting and effective

Disadvantages hard engineering

Expensive and can look ugly

Soft engineering

Working with natural processes

Beach nourishment

Adding sand to the beach

Managed retreat

Allowing land to flood naturally

Advantages soft engineering

Cheaper and natural looking

Disadvantages soft engineering

Needs regular maintenance

Hazard

Event that risks life or property

Natural hazard

Hazard caused by nature

Tectonic hazard

Earthquake or volcano

Weather hazard

Storm drought or heatwave

Earthquake

Movement of tectonic plates

Focus

Point where earthquake starts

Epicentre

Point on surface above focus

Primary effects

Immediate impacts of a hazard

Secondary effects

Later impacts of a hazard

Earthquake responses

Short and long term actions