AP psychology Unit 4 Flashcards

Instrumental learning

Instrumental learning

operant conditioning, is a type of learning where behaviors are strengthened or weakened by their consequences. In simpler terms, it's learning through trial and error, where an individual learns to associate specific actions with positive or negative outcomes.

Law of Effect:

states that behaviors followed by satisfying or positive consequences are strengthened (more likely to occur), while behaviors followed by annoying or negative consequences are weakened (less likely to occur).

Omission training

In this training procedure, a response by the learner is followed by taking away something of value from the learner. but here learner can change his behavior and get back positive rainforcement

Premack Principle

also known as "Grandma's Law," states that a more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity. In simpler terms, it's the idea that you can motivate someone to do something they don't want to do by offering them something they do want to do as a reward.

Negative reinforcement

takes away an aversive or unpleasant consequence after a behavior has been given.

Avoidance behavior

takes away the aversive stimulus before it begins.

escape is when it takes away after it started

Learned helplessness

is a psychological concept that occurs when an individual feels unable to control or change their situation, even when they have the ability to do so. This feeling develops after repeated experiences of failure or lack of control, leading the person to believe that their actions will not make a difference.

Primary reinforcer

is something that is biologically important and, thus, rewarding.

Secondary reinforcer

is something neutral that, when associated with a primary reinforcer, becomes rewarding.it's something that a person learns to value because it is linked with something else they already find rewarding. For example, money is a secondary reinforcer because it's valuable to us not inherently but because we can use it to obtain things we want.

generalized reinforcer

is a secondary reinforcer that can be associated with a number of different primary reinforcers.For example, praise or tokens can serve as generalized reinforcers because they can be exchanged for a variety of different rewards.

Token economy

in jails and hospitals.secondary reinforcers are used to increase a list of acceptable bahaviors

Chaining

is used to establish a specific sequence of behaviors by initially positively reinforcing each behavior in a desired sequence and then later rewarding only the completed sequence.

Partial reinforcement/intermittent schedule

learning schedule where a behavior is reinforced only part of the time. In simpler terms, it's when a reward is given inconsistently for a certain behavior, which can make the behavior more resistant to extinction compared to continuous reinforcement.

contiguity model

• Pavlov’s view of classical conditioning is called the contiguity model.

  • He believed that the close time between the CS and the US was most important for making the connection between the two stimuli and that the CS eventually substituted for the US.

Robert Rescorla's contingency model

also known as the Rescorla-Wagner model, is a theory in psychology that explains how organisms learn through classical conditioning. In simpler terms, it's the idea that learning occurs when an organism learns to predict the occurrence of an event based on the presence of certain cues or stimuli in the environment. This model emphasizes the role of predictive relationships between events in the learning process. the emphasied the role of COGNITION in that organizsm had to THINK and it want auatomatic

The blocking effect

is a phenomenon in classical conditioning where the presence of an established conditioned stimulus (CS) blocks the acquisition of a new conditioned stimulus, even when that new stimulus is presented with the established CS. In simpler terms, it's when a previously learned association interferes with the ability to learn a new association.LEON KAMIN

Latent Learning

learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement or motivation at the time of learning, but becomes apparent when there is an incentive or reason to demonstrate it later. In simpler terms, it's like learning something without realizing it, and then showing that knowledge or skill when it becomes useful or necessary. edward tolamn rat maze guiding

Insight

is the sudden appearance of an answer or solution to a problem. Wolfgang kholer research with chimpanzees showed that they could solve problems by using insight rather than trial and error. In simpler terms, he demonstrated that chimpanzees could figure out solutions to problems by understanding the relationships between objects, rather than just randomly trying different things until they stumbled upon the answer.

observational learning

Albert bandura: attention,retention,reproduction and motivations. kicking bobo dolls shown to kids and they did same

Mirror neurons

neuros are acitivated not only when you perform an action but when you observe someone else perform a similar action.These neurons convert the sight of someone else's action into the motor program you would use to do the same and feel similar emotions, the basis for empathy.

Preparedness

refers to the idea that humans and animals are biologically predisposed to learn certain associations more easily than others due to evolutionary factors. In simpler terms, it's the concept that we are naturally "prepared" to learn some things more readily than others because they are relevant to our survival and well-being. For example, we may be more predisposed to learn to fear dangerous animals like snakes or spiders because avoiding them has been beneficial for our ancestors' survival.

Instinctive drift

occurs because animals have natural, instinctive behaviors that can interfere with learned behaviors. These instincts are deeply ingrained and can sometimes override the learned behaviors, especially when the learned behaviors conflict with the animals' natural tendencies.