Amino Acids and Amides

What are amines

Derived by replacing 1 or more hydrogen atoms in ammonia with organic groups

Uss of quaternary ammonium compounds

• production of cationic surfactants

• Detergents/fabric softeners/ hair conditioners

How to name secondary amines

• name the two alkyl chains

• Add prefixes for additional groups

• Add suffix amines

→ N-substituted

Name this amine

N-methylpropylamine

Why are amines basic

Lone pair of electrons on N can for dative bonds with H+ ion → proton acceptor

Name the salts formed when amines are neutralised by acids

• alkylammonium chloride

• Alkylammonium nitrate

• Alkylammonium sulphate

What are two ways that amines can be produced

• nucleophillic substitution

→ excess ammonia primary amine is major product

→ excess halogenoalkane successive substitution leads to a mixture of primary/secondary/tertiary amines

• reduction of nitriles- LiAlH4 in dry ether/ H2 + nickel catalyst at high temperatures

How can aromatic amineS be produced

• Sn + concentrated HCl + NaOH (heat under reflux) → phenylamine

Why are primary aliphatic amines stronger bases than ammonia or aromatic amines

• alkyl groups are electron releasing (positive inductive effect)

• More electron density on the nitrogen atom

→ number of alkyl groups attached to nitrogen increase, the base strength increases

What are amides and how do you name them

• Functional group CONH2

• Suffix- amide

• Root depends on number of carbon atoms in parent chain

• Alkyl chain attached to nitrogen N-substituted

Name the following:

N-phenylethanamide + N-ethylpropanamide

Why are amides not basic

C=O bond highly electronegative

• greater power to draw electrons toward it so lone pair of the amide nitrogen less available to accept protons

What is a zwiterrion

Dipolar ion produced in an internal acid-base reaction