BIO 340 Exam 2

Gene Expression

Name something from this module (III) that can be affected by interactions with other genes(not always but can be).

Protein Product

What ultimately dictates which phenotype is expressed?

Phenotype

The overall consequence of the activites of the protein produce the \____

Loss of function

What type of mutation would cause a gene to lose some OR all of its normal function?

Hypomorphic

What type of mutation would cause a gene to lose only some of its function?

Null

What type of mutation causes a gene to lose ALL of it's function?

Haplosufficient

If one copy is sufficient enough to produce the wild type then, what type of allele is that?

Haploinsufficient

If both copies of an allele are needed to produce the wild type then what type of allele would that be?

Gain of function

What type of mutation sees the gene acquired deliver a new function or expression?

Loss of Function

What type of mutation sees a decrease or loss of expression or function as it relates to a gene?

incomplete dominance

Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele an example may be color or size where the allele is not entirely expressed when mixed with a different allele.

Codominance

Both alleles (even though they are different) are expressed completely. Holechek's favorite example here is blood type.

Incomplete dominance

In an example of \____ \____ red flowers are bred with white flowers and produce pink flowers.

Codominance

In an example of \____ \____ An individual who receives the allele for sickle cell anemia from one parent and the allele for healthy erythrocytes from the other parent displays a in between erythrocyte that while not as efficient with it's hemoglobin enables one to stave off malaria.

Coat Color

According to the allelic series of the c gene what allele enzyme can be temperature sensitive?

Complementation test

method of discovering whether two mutations are in the same or separate genes

Yes

If two mutant parents are to produce a wild type in their progeny then do the mutation complement each other?

Complementation

In one example two alleles are on separate genes and a certain phenotype is expressed. In the next generation however, the offspring has both alleles on the same gene and the phenotype is no longer expressed. What is this an example of?

epistatic

Gene interaction occurs when two or more genes affect the same phenotype. What type of interaction is this?

9:7

What ratio indicates two genes interacting in the same pathway?

Hint: non-mendelian

Duplicate Gene

What type of interaction would see a 15:1 ratio?

duplicate gene

genes in a redundant system have a

9:6:1

Dominant gene interaction has what ratio in their offspring?

Dominant Gene Interaction

one or two dominant alleles for just one of either of the genes (pumpkin example)

null hypothesis

Usually describes a type of hypothesis that states nothing happened. For the purpose of this course Hardy Weinberg and Mendelian ratios are typically examples of this type of hypothesis.

alternative hypothesis

This hypothesis effectively rejects the null hypothesis by posing a situation in which Mendelian ratios or Hardy Weinberg rules have been broken or deviated from.

One

How many tails would an alternative hypothesis have if it stated a result that was clearly defined as above OR below the null hypothesis results rang

Two

How many tails would an alternative hypothesis have if it does not clearly state which direction the null hypothesis range will be deviated from? This is to say the range of deviation could be above AND/OR below the null region.

5

What is the significant percentage ratio in terms of determining whether or not the null hypothesis has been broke.

Chi Squared

(observed-expected)^2 /
Expected
This equation is added to all other columns of data in question and is summed to deliver what value?

counts

When utilizing the chi squared equation always be certain you are using \____ NOT ratios.

Rejected

You just completed a chi squared test and the p value for the five percent column was 6 but your p value was 14, was the null hypothesis supported or rejected?

Degrees of Freedom

\_______ \________ measures the number of independent measurements in your data

simple Degrees of Freedom equation

K\=number of categories-1

Complex Degrees of Freedom equation

k\= number of categories -number of estimated parameters -1

more

Degrees of freedom must be taken into account because the greater the number of categories, the \_______ deviation is expected due to chance

Genetic Polymorphism

Within a population, a single gene has more than one allele. This can be as simple as saying that for human hair color there is more than one type of hair color that exists.

no

Is there genetic polymorphism in the color of deer noses if there is only one color of nose possible(black)?

Alleles

A population's gene pool consists of the set of \____ carried by its members

40

If your population is diploid and has 20 members, how many alleles are present in that particular gene pool?

20

You have 10 organisms that are AA homozygous dominant.At LEAST how many "A" alleles does this gene pool have

.3

You have determined you have a total of 30 "A" alleles in your gene pool. This gene pool has 50 organisms within it. What is the p frequency within this population.

1

p+q\=?

dominant

"p" is equal to the ratio of what set of alleles?

increase

Mutation and migration would both \_____ genetic diversity

decrease

Natural selection and genetic drift would both \____ genetic diversity

natural selection

In terms of hardy weinberg all genotypes must have equal survival and reproduction rates. This could also be termed as having equal fitness or not participate in \______ \_______

random

In the context of Hardy Weinberg mating must be \____

Larger

In terms of population size in the context of hardy weinberg the \____ the better.

no

Can there be mutation or migration and still be in hardy weinberg equilibrium?

Genotype frequencies

What type of frequency can be given by the equation
p^2 + 2pq + q^2?

allele frequency

Even when using the p squared plus two pq plus q squared equation you still use what type of frequency within the equation for letters p and q?

not

The following are reasons why a population would \____ be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

Population has structure•Mating is often non-random•Many populations are quite small•Not all genotypes are equally viable

Wahlund effect

"consequence of variance" is known as the

positive assortative mating

Bias toward phenotypically similar mates

negative assortative mating

tendency for unlike individuals to mate

Outbreeding

Bias against mating with relatives

yes

Does non random mating affect genotypic ratios?

No

Does non random mating affect allelic ratios?

heterozygotes

Positive assortative mating reduces the frequency of

syntenic genes

Genes located on the same chromosome are called

Linked Genes

Syntenic genes so close together that their alleles cannot assort independently are called

genetic linkage

produces progeny with "parental" phenotypes more often than expected for independent genes.

recombinant chromosomes

Alleles of syntenicgenes can be reshuffled when crossing over occurs between homologs to produce

non-recombinant

You just had a some tall tobacco plants mate and they produced a large progeny, some of these were short and some were medium and then lastly some were tall. In terms of crossover what type of chromosomes do the tall tobacco plants have?

Yes

Will Syntenic genes that are closer together tend to segregate together?

far

If genes are being divied out in a manner that follows the rules of independent assortment you would expect the genes to be located fairly \____ from each other

parental

Genetic linkage leads to the production of significantly more gametes with \____ allele combinations than nonparental combinations

chromosomal inversion

What is it called when small blocks of genes get flipped around

reciprocal translocation

What is it called when novel chromosomes are created

identical

As a result of crossing over, the two sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are no longer \____

True

True or False If D and E genes are linked, the parental combinations will occur more than fifty percent of the time.

distance

The strength of linkage tells us the \____ between two genes

aabb

Perform a dihybrid testcross and determine if offspring have 1:1:1:1 phenotypic ratio. In order to do this what would be considered the tester genotype?

AaBb

Perform a dihybrid testcross and determine if offspring have 1:1:1:1 phenotypic ratio. In order to do this what would be considered the tester genotype? If you know your tester is aabb what should be the other parental genotype?

Total number in progeny

Recombination frequency is found by an equation of recombinants (in progeny) over \____

.25

Let's say you have 100 offspring organisms. 25 of these bad boys and girls are not like either of their parents in terms of color. In the context of organism color what is the recombination frequency?

Tall Green and Short Yellow

198 Tall Yellow, 192 Short Green, 54 Tall Green, and 56 Short Yellow Which offspring are recombinants?

.01

One centiMorgan is equivalent to a crossover frequency of

10

You just found your crossover frequency to be .10 how many centimorgans is this?

0

Two-strand double crossover will produce what percentage of recombinants?

50

Three-strand double crossover will produce what percentage of recombinants?

100

Four-stranded double crossover will produce what percentage of recombinants?

AaBbCc and aabbcc

In order to complete a three point test cross what are the parental genotypes necessary?

Double recombination

So you just completed a three point test cross (congrats!) and you found two separate progeny genotypes to be extraordinarily infrequent. What type of recombination happened here?

yes

In a three point test cross, in order to determine the distance between lets say A and C you will need to add four different genotype quantities and divide them by the TOTAL progeny. The four you select will be comprised of the four in which ONLY the c changed in comparison to parents and ONLY the a changed in comparison to parents. (Answer to this is yes)

Interference

the presence of one crossover prevents other crossovers from occurring nearby

.02

The distance between C and A is 10 centimorgan. The distance between A and B is 20 centimorgan, what is the expected frequency of double crossover progeny?

interference

You were expecting double crossover to happen at a clip of a 2 percent but for some reason it's observed happening at 5 percent. Whats the name of the likely culprit for this occurrence?

Interference

1-(obs/exp) is the formula for what?Keep in mind you could use percentages as whole numbers or as decimals but you need both the observed and expected to be displayed in the same manner for this to work.

underestimates

Recombination frequency \____ true map distance

50

The maximum recombination frequency is \____%

ABO blood groups are an example of:

multiple alleles and codominance

Incomplete dominance

If black and white true-breeding mice are mated and the result is all gray offspring, what inheritance pattern would this be indicative of?

Could an individual with blood type O (genotype ii) be a legitimate child of parents in which one parent had blood type A and the other parent had blood type B? (if each parent carries one i allele)

yes

Incomplete dominance

A white splashed (Bl/Bl) Andalausian chicken and a black (bl/bl) Andalusian chicken are crossed. The heterozygotes produced show an intermediate phenotype (blue). What inheritance pattern would this be indicative of?

codominance

A person with only one Sickle Cell Anemia allele and one unaffected allele will have some normal red blood cells and some abnormal. What inheritance pattern would this be indicative of?

1:2:0

In a mating between two individuals that are heterozygous for a recessive lethal allele that is expressed in utero, what genotypic ratio (homozygous dominant:heterozygous:homozygous recessive) would you expect to observe in the offspring?

BbDd x bbDd

In rats, gene B produces black coat color if the genotype is B-, but black pigment is not produced if the genotype is bb. At an independent locus, gene D produces yellow pigment if the genotype is D-, but no pigment is produced when the genotype is dd. Production of both pigments results in brown coat color. If neither pigment is produced, coat color is cream. The genotype of parents of litters with the following phenotype distribution 3 brown, 3 yellow, 1 black, 1 cream is:

Brown and yellow

In rats, gene B produces black coat color if the genotype is B-, but black pigment is not produced if the genotype is bb. At an independent locus, gene D produces yellow pigment if the genotype is D-, but no pigment is produced when the genotype is dd. Production of both pigments results in brown coat color. If neither pigment is produced, coat color is cream. The phenotype of parents of litters with the following phenotype distribution 3 brown, 3 yellow, 1 black, 1 cream is: