Chemistry unit 2 test

acids

• pH < 7

• release hydrogen

• conduct electricity in solutions

binary acid

• hydrogen and non-metal

• aqueous

• “hydro__-ic acid”

oxyacid

• hydrogen, polyatomic

• oxygen and non-metal are bonded to form a complex ion

• adding or removing oxygens will make a new oxyacid

• exception: acetic acid (CH3COOH) which comes from acetate (CH3OO), it doesn’t follow the normal rules

naming oxyacid

• 1 more oxygen = “per__ic acid”

• main = “-ic acid”

• 1 less = “-ous acid”

• 2 less = “hypo__ous acid”

naming complex ions

• 1 more oxygen = “per__ate”

• main = “-ate”

• 1 less = “-ite”

• 2 less = “hypo__ite”

peroixde

• contain 1 more oxygen then the normal oxide

• don’t reduce

• to write formula: add 1 more oxygen

• to name: add “per” in front of oxygen

oxyacid salt

• metal, polyatomic ion w/oxygen

• formula naming rules are the same

• naming rules are the same, just add prefixes/suffixes if a oxygen is added/removed

acid salt

• metal, hydrogen, polyatomic

• naming rules: put a prefix in front of hydrogen and add prefixes/suffixes to polyatomic ion if oxygen is added/removed

• acid salt anion: made when you add hydrogen to a polyatomic ion. the charge goes up by 1

base

• pH > 7

• release OH

• conduct electricity in solutions

• metal, hydroxide

• exception:

  • some bases don’t have a OH, instead they have a bicarbonate ion

  • NH4OH is a base even though there’s no metal

hydrate

• water bonded to a solid

• naming is like other salts, at the end add “hydrate” with the prefix for the number of waters

• write formula like other salts, after write a dot and H2O with the number in front

balancing combustion reactions

balance carbon first, hydrogen second, and oxygen last. you may need to double everything to get the proper oxygen number

mineral

solid substance found on earth, contain elements (ex: gold, copper silver)

ore

rock with high amount of a valuable element (ex: gold, copper)

precious metals

highly desired metals (ex: gold, silver)

base metals

not highly desired metals (ex: copper, nickel)

metallurgy

• extracting metals from their ores and processing them into useful forms

• a lot of rock needs to be mined/processed because most samples contain little of the valued material

• the challenge is that they need to find an efficient way to do this

smelting

chemical process that extracts a metal from its ore using high heat and chemicals

what other elements are mixed in copper ore

iron and sulfur

why is sulfur dioxide gas harmful to the environment

it goes into the air and reacts with water in the clouds to make acid rain

what can be done with SO2 to prevent acid rain

scrubbers are installed in the furnace to trap it and turn it into sulfuric acid to sell. flash smelting is also used

what is made with copper

water pipes, wires, cables, electrical products

what do ontario smelters process

nickel-copper ore, lead, zinc

flash smelting

• separates the metal by heating it to high temperatures with pure oxygen

• it reduces fuel costs

• it causes less pollution

positive effects of smelters

• metals are sold internationally

• creates jobs

• makes lots of products

where are ontario smelters located

• greater sudbury region

• mississauga

scrubber

device installed in furnaces to prevent sulfur dioxide gas from escaping and makes it into a safer substance

what government regulations are there to protect the environment

• stricter laws

• companies need detailed environmental assessment to get permission

• companies need plans for closure and rehabilitation

what types of air pollution do mining produce

• dust

• sulfur dioxide

what types of water pollution does mining produce

freshy exposed rock is prone to erosion which can create acid mine drainage. acid water can dissolve toxic substances which can then go into ecosystems

how to deal with acid mine drainage

neutralize acidity with calcium carbonate (in limestone)

synthesis

combining two substances to form a new compound

metal + oxygen synthesis

• always makes a solid

• makes a metal oxide

non-metal + oxygen synthesis

makes a non-metal oxide

metal + non-metal synthesis

makes a binary ionic compound

metal oxide + water synthesis

• makes a base

• always aqueous

non-metal oxide + water synthesis

• makes oxyacid

• exception: chloric acid (HClO3) is formed from hydrochloric acid (HCl) and oxygen gas

• you don’t always balance

non-metal oxide + metal oxide synthesis

• makes salt of an oxyacid

• aka metal crossed with polyatomic ion ending in “ate”

• exception: chlorates (metal-ClO3) are formed from chloride salts (metal-Cl) and oxygen

decomposition

• breaking down a compound into two or more substances

• has the same reaction types as synthesis

electrolysis for decomposistion

uses electrical energy to cause a chemical reaction

heat for decomposition

heat breaks down the chemical bonds of the compound (thermal decomposition)

catalyst

chemical that speeds up the reaction, its not apart of the reaction though

metal oxide decomposition

breaks into a metal and oxygen

non-metal oxide decomposition

breaks into a non-metal and oxygen

binary ionic compound decomposition

breaks into a metal and non-metal

base decomposition

breaks into a metal oxide and water

oxyacid decomposition

• breaks into a non-metal oxide and water

• memorize:

  • H2SO4 = SO3 + H2O

  • H2SO3 = SO2 + H2O

salt of an oxyacid decomposition

• breaks into a non-metal oxide and metal oxide

• exception:

  • metal chlorate = metal chloride + oxygen gas

  • KNO3 = KNO2 + O2

  • NaNO3 = NaNO2 + O2

hydrate decomposition

breaks into a ionic compound and water

single displacement

• a reaction where one element takes the place of another

• must use an activity series

metal displacing another metal from an ionic compound

• A + BX = AX + B

• A must be higher than B on the activity series

metal displacing hydrogen from an acid

• A + HX = AX + H

• treat hydrogen as a metal (its not)

• treat H2SO4 as HHSO4

metal displacing hydrogen from water

A + H-OH = base + H

non-metal displacing another non-metal from an ionic compound

X + YZ = YX + Z

double displacement

• reaction where the cations of two aqueous compounds switch places

• one of the products must be either solid, gas, or water

• must use solubility chart

double displacement that forms a precipitate

normal crossing of elements, use solubility chart to predict the states

double displacement that forms a gas

• reaction that produces hydrogen gas

• reaction that produces hydrogen sulfide gas

• reaction that produces sulfur dioxide gas

  • creates sulfurous acid, which breaks down into water and sulfur dioxide

• reaction that produces carbon dioxide

  • produces carbonic acid first, which breaks down into water and carbon dioxide

• reaction that produces ammonia gas

  • when you mix a compound with ammonium and a compound with hydroxide, you get an ionic compound, ammonia gas, and water

double displacement that forms water

• happens in neutralization

• an ionic compound and water is produced

neutralization

• acid and base are mixed together to create a solution with a pH of 7

• creates an ionic compound and water

• type of double displacement

neutralization with a hydroxide compound

• the hydrogen ions from the acid and the hydroxide ions from the base react to make water

• the left over ions make a ionic compound (salt)

• common reaction

neutralization with a carbonate compound

• produces carbonic acid which then decomposes into water and carbon dioxide

• NaHCO3 (sodium hydrogen carbonate) aka baking soda can act as both an acid or base

what is acid reflux/heartburn

irritation of the esophagus by stomach acid

what is a short term fix for heartburn

antacid medication neutralizes the stomach acid

what is responsible for the acidification of ontarios lakes

emissions of sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide from combustion of fossil fuels

why is acidification of lakes bad

• organisms can’t handle the acidity

• shells/coral breaks down

• populations crash

why are northern lakes in onatrio more prone to damage from acid rain

the bottom of the lakes are made up of granite which is hard and not reactive so it can’t neutralize the lake, unlike lakes which have limestone at the bottom

liming a lake

adding calcium oxide (lime) to the lake to temporally neutralize acidity

how does baking soda rise dough

sodium hydrogen carbonate reacts with something acidic (like vinegar) and CO2 bubbles cause the dough to rise. the warmth of the oven makes the bubbles expand

3 factors when choosing neutralization reactant

• safety

• cost

• chemical prosperities

why are sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide not safe neutralizing agents

• crossive

• leaves left over residue

• could splash

combustion of hydrocarbon

• will burn in the presence of oxygen to produce oxides

• a compound containng hydrogen and carbon (sometimes oxygen)

complete combustion

• happens when there is sufficient oxygen

• creates carbon dioxide, water vapor, energy

• blue flame

incomplete combustion

• happens when there isn’t enough oxygen

• creates solid carbon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water vapor, energy

• yellow flame

combustion reaction for life processes

• cellular resiperation

• happens in mitochondria

• happens much slower than in industrial settings

• C6H12O6 + O = CO2 + H2O + ATP energy + heat energy