Anatomy Final Exam - Definitions

angiogenesis

physiological process involving the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing blood vessels

blood reservoirs

veins in liver, spleen, skin

arterial function

distribution

arterioles functions

resistance

capillaries functions

exchange

vein function

capacitance

elesticity

a tissue’s ability to regain its original shape and size after being stretched, squeezed, or otherwise deformed

contractility

the ability of a vessel to decrease lumen size by activation of vascular smooth muscle within the vessel wall

compliance

ability of hollow organ or vessel to distend and increase volume with increasing transmural pressure

dispensability

compliance of a blood vessel

capacitance

ability to hold large volumes of fluid

tunica intima

layer of blood vessel wall closest to lument

tunica media

thickest layer of vessel wall

tunica externa/adventitia

primarily collagen CT fibers

vasa vasorum

supply oxygen and nutrients to vessel wall

localized contractility

limit bleeding from a wounded vessel

list of elastic arteries

• aorta

• pulmonary trunk and arteries

• brachiocephalic trunk

• common carotids

• subclavians

• common iliacs

medium/muscular arteries

medium sized, contain more smooth muscle than elastic fibers in their tunica media

distributing arteries

distribute blood to vast network of arterioles

capillary network

branches of capillaries that increase the total surface area across these exchange vessels

capillary exchange

the process of exchanging nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue

perfusion

process of supplying blood to the target tissue

microcirculation

flow a blood through the capillaries, regulated by arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

anastomosis

direct connection between two tubular structures

deep and superficial volar arches

connect distal ends of radial and ulnar arteries, provides collateral circulation to hand

filtration

moving from blood stream to intersitium

reabsorption

moving from the intersitium into the bloodstream

starling’s law

pressures that work toward equilibrium and which influence the exiting and entering of fluid

blood plasma

colloidal mixture of largely fluid and proteins

hydrostatic pressure

the pressure exerted by a column of fluid

blood hydrostatic pressure

pushes fluid out of capillaries

interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

pushes fluid into capillaries

blood colloid osmotic pressure

pulls fluid into capillaries

interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

pulls fluid out of capillaries

hemodynamics

flow of blood within organs and body

dicrotic notch

marking on arterial pressure graph

pulse pressure

force generated by the heart with each contraction

• SBP - DBP

mean arterial pressure

average pressure in arteries

• MAP = DBP + 1/3 pulse pressure

proprioceptors

monitor movements of joints and muscles

baroreceptors

pressure sensitive

baroreflex

helps maintain nearly constant BP levels

chemoreceptors

sensitive to chemicals such as O2, CO2, H+

hormones that raise BP

• RAA pathway

• Epi

• NE

• antidiuretic hormone

hormone that lowers BP

atrial natriuretic peptide

renin

secreted by JG cells, catalyzes reaction of angiotensenogen to angiotensin 1

angiostenogen

inactive plasma protein

angiotensin 1

no physiological effect

ACE

in capillaries, lungs, catalyzes reaction of AT 1 to AT 2

angiotensin 2

causes systemic vasoconstriction, stimulates release of aldosterone stimulates release of ADH

aldosterone

released from adrenal cortex, causes Na+ and H2O retention in kidneys, raises blood volume

antidiuretic hormone

• released from post pituitary gland

• causes kidney to retain water

• causes vasoconstriction

atrial natriuretic peptide

• secreted by heart

• powerful vasodilator

• lowers BP

metabolic control of blood flow

local buildup of certain chemicals acts as a metabolic control that causes terminal arterioles to dilate and relaxes pre-capillary sphincters

myogenic control of blood flow

maintain appropriate blood flowm

myogenic reflex

reflexive smooth muscle contraction in response to being stretched

plasma

liquid part of blood

serum

plasma without its clotting factors

albumin

liver, smallest in size, largest in influence

globulin

ones made by liver help with transport, plasma cells help fight disease

fibrinogen

made by liver, essential for blood clotting, needs to be converted to fibrin

erythrocytes

specialized for O2 transport

leukocytes

used in body’s defense systems, 5 categories of WBCs

thrombocytes

used in homeostasis, cell fragments from megakaryocytes

granular WBCs

• neutrophils

• eosinophils

• basophils

neutrophils

contain granules that do not absorb stain

eosinophils

granules stain red

basophils

granules stain blue

agranular WBCs

lymphocytes and monocytes

lymphocytes

b, t, and NK cells

monocytes

they become macrophages leave the blood stream

neutrophils

respond quickest, ingest bacteria, dispose of dead matter

lymphocytes

can differentiate into plasma cells —> produce and secrete antibodies

t lymphocytes

helper t cells and cytotoxic t cellsh

helper t cells

contain CD4 proteins, help activate an immune response

cytotoxic t cells

helps destroy intracellular pathogens and diseased cells

natural killer cells

attack a wide variety of infection microbes and some spontaneously arising tumor cells

leukopenia

too few WBCs, caused by influences such as chemo or radiation

neutropenia

low number of PMNs, increased risk of bacterial infection

leukocytosis

too many WBCs, is a protective result of invading microbes in healthy people

platelets

help stop blood loss from damaged vessels by forming a platelet plug

origin of platelets

myeloid stem cells —> megakaryoblast —> megakaryocytes —> 2000-3000 cell fragments

life span of platelet

5-9 days, removed by fixed macrophages in spleen and liver

thrombocytopenia

having too few platelets

transferrin

carries iron through blood stream when it needs to be transported

ferritin

protein that stores iron in liver

transferrin

takes blood from liver to red bone marrow

bile

acts like soap to emulsify lipids and has 3 components

urobilinogen

large intestine turns bilirubin into urobilinogin

EPO

a hemopoietic growth factor synthesized in kidneys and transported to red bone marrow

reticulocyte

immature RBC

reticulocyte count

around 1% of RBCs in circulation at any given time, reflects rate of erythropoises

hemopoiesis

developmental process of formed elements in blood

stem cell

an undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism that is capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of same type

totipotent stem cell

cells can develop into any cell found in human body, plus any extraembryonic cells

zygote

totipotent cell that comes from bonding sperm and egg

pluripotent stem cells

have the capacity to give rise to any cell in body except placental

multipotent stem cells

can only differentiate into a related family of cells

oligopotent stem cells

differentiate into only a few cells

thrombopoietin

produced primarily by liver and kidneys that causes an increase in platelet formation

myeloid stem cell

give rise to all formed elements except lymphocytes