19th Century Philippines as Rizal's Context

These flashcards cover key vocabulary terms related to the sociopolitical and economic context of the 19th century Philippines as it pertains to Jose Rizal.

19th Century

The time period that significantly shaped the social, political, and economic landscape of the Philippines, notably influencing Jose Rizal.

Bourbon Reforms

Policies implemented by the Spanish crown in the 18th century to revitalize the economy of the colonies and re-establish Spanish supremacy.

Galleon Trade

The trade network established between the Philippines and Mexico, lasting from 1565 to 1815.

Suez Canal

A critical waterway opened in 1869 that facilitated easier trade between Spain and the Philippines.

Chinese Mestizos

Individuals of mixed Chinese and native Filipino descent who gained prominence in society due to economic changes.

Liberalism

A political ideology emphasizing liberty and equality, influencing socio-political changes during the 19th century.

Print Culture

The spread of literature and newspapers, which played a key role in the rise of nationalism in the Philippines.

Education Decree of 1863

A law that mandated free public education and made the teaching of Spanish compulsory in the Philippines.

Nationalism

A sense of pride and identity in one's nation, which grew among Filipinos during the 19th century.

Economic Boom

A period of significant economic growth in the 19th century due to new crops and international trade.

Spanish Supremacy

The political domination of the Spaniards over the Filipino population during the colonial period.

Social Stratification

The division of society into hierarchical layers based on socio-economic status, which was renegotiated in the 19th century.

Principalia

Wealthy pure-blooded natives of the Philippines, considered part of the elite social class.

Indio

Term used to refer to the pure-blooded natives of the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period.

Cadiz Constitution of 1812

A Spanish constitution declaring that sovereignty resides in the nation, marking a significant political shift.

Agricultural Economy

An economy based on farming, which in the 19th century shifted towards cash crops for export.

American Revolution

A late 18th century conflict that inspired liberal ideas and political changes in various parts of the world, including the Philippines.

French Revolution

An 18th century revolution that promoted ideals of freedom and equality, influencing liberalism in the Philippines.

Manila

The capital city of the Philippines, which saw significant economic and social changes during the 19th century.

Monopoly

Exclusive control over the production and sale of goods, notably the tobacco monopoly established in the Philippines.

Illiteracy

The lack of ability to read and write, which the education reforms aimed to reduce.

Social Relations

The interactions and relationships among different classes and groups in society, redefined in the 19th century.

Filipino Identity

The collective identity of the Filipino people, shaped significantly by 19th-century events and ideals.

Colonial Administration

The governing authority of colonized territories, such as the Spanish rule in the Philippines.

Jesuit Influence

The impact of Jesuit teachers and missionaries on the educational system in the Philippines during the 19th century.

Economic Reorientation

Changes in economic policy that shifted focus towards export-oriented agriculture during the 19th century.

Public School System

The system established for educational purposes, made accessible to Filipinos under the 1863 Education Decree.

Taxation

The system by which the Spaniards imposed taxes on Filipinos, exacerbating economic disparities.

Filipino Nationalism

A movement aimed at achieving independence and asserting Filipino identity, influenced by Rizal's writings.

Cultural Development

The evolution of cultural practices and values, significantly affected by educational expansion in the 19th century.

Export Crops

Crops such as tobacco, abaca, and sugar that became the main products for export from the Philippines.

Political Landscape

The structure and dynamics of power within the Philippine society during the Spanish colonial period.

Criminalization of Dissent

The systematic oppression of those who opposed colonial authority, reflecting the tension during Rizal's time.

Reform Movement

An effort led by Rizal and others advocating for social and political changes in the Philippines.

Civic Engagement

The participation of citizens in public life and governance, crucial for the development of nationalism.

Democratic Ideals

Principles that promote representative government, equality, and individual liberties, which gained traction in the 19th century.

Foreign Merchants

Traders from other countries who moved to Manila, contributing to international trade and economic shifts.

Slavery

The condition in which ordinary Filipinos were exploited for labor under the colonial regime.

Church and State Relationship

The intricate dynamics between religious and governmental authorities during Spanish rule.

Liberal Reforms

Progressive changes aimed at promoting individual rights and reducing autocratic rule, impacting the societal structure.

Cultural Renaissance

A period of revival in arts and education, particularly relations with European thought during the 19th century.

Political Awareness

The consciousness of political issues affecting society, heightened during Rizal's era.

Ethnic Identity

The shared characteristics and cultural identity of specific groups, such as mestizos and natives.

Social Reform

The movement to change social policies and establish equality, significantly influenced by Rizal's advocacy.

Community Responsibilities

Expectations placed on individuals within a society to contribute to the common good.

Colonial Education

The system of education imposed by the colonial government aimed at controlling and civilizing the local population.

Collective Memory

The shared recollections of events and experiences by a group, crucial for the formation of national identity.