IPS1 - Amino Acids and Peptides

Proteins

_____ - are the most common and important molecules in living things.

True

[T/F]

You can think of proteins like long necklaces made of beads

amino acid

In PROTEINS each bead is called an ____

Amino acids

____- are big molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Proteins

____- provide the needed amino acids for maintaining anabolic state

keratin

Proteins, such as _____ , makes the basic structure of the hair and skin

collagen

Proteins, such as _____ , builds the connective tissues and bones.

• IgG (Gamma globulin)

• IgM (Mu globulin)

• IgA (Alpha globulin)

• IgD (Delta globulin)

• IgE (Epsilon globulin)

Five Classes of Antibodies

IgG (Gamma globulin)

[Five Classes of Antibodies]

____- 

• Monomer.

• Found in blood and extracellular fluid.

IgM (Mu globulin)

[Five Classes of Antibodies]

____- 

• Pentamer (five monomers joined together).

• Found in blood and lymph.

IgA (Alpha globulin)

[Five Classes of Antibodies]

____- 

• Dimer.

• Found in mucosal secretions (saliva, tears, mucus) and breast milk
  

IgD (Delta globulin)

[Five Classes of Antibodies]

____- 

• Monomer.

• Found on the surface of B cells.

IgE (Epsilon globulin)

[Five Classes of Antibodies]

____- 

• Monomer.

• Found bound to mast cells and basophils.

IgG (Gamma globulin)

[Five Classes of Antibodies]

The most abundant antibody, providing longterm immunity.

IgG (Gamma globulin)

[Five Classes of Antibodies]

It is the only antibody that can cross the placenta to provide passive immunity to a fetus

IgM (Mu globulin)

[Five Classes of Antibodies]
The first antibody produced in response to an infection.

IgM (Mu globulin)

[Five Classes of Antibodies]
Its large size and multiple binding sites make it highly effective at activating the complement system and agglutination (clumping) of pathogens.

IgA (Alpha globulin)

[Five Classes of Antibodies]

Provides localized protection at mucosal surfaces, which are the body's first line of defense. 

IgA (Alpha globulin)

[Five Classes of Antibodies]

It prevents pathogens from binding to epithelial cells

IgD (Delta globulin)

[Five Classes of Antibodies]

Primarily functions as an antigen receptor on naive B lymphocytes, helping to initiate the immune response

IgD (Delta globulin)

[Five Classes of Antibodies]

It is present in very low concentrations in the blood.

IgE (Epsilon globulin)

[Five Classes of Antibodies]
Mediates allergic reactions and protects against parasitic infections.

IgE (Epsilon globulin)

[Five Classes of Antibodies]

When it binds to an allergen, it triggers the release of histamine and other chemicals, causing the symptoms of an allergy.

• nerve transmission and

• biosynthesis of porphyrins, purines, pyrimidines, and urea

Amino acid and their derivatives participate in diverse cellular functions such as [2] 

peptides

Short polymers of amino acids are called ____

peptides

_____- play a vital role in the neuroendocrine system as

• hormones

• hormone-releasing factors

• neuromodulators

• neurotransmitters.

True 

[T/F]

Some antibiotics like bacitracin and gramicidin A fight bacteria

Bleomycin

____- is a medicine that helps fight cancer

microcystin and nodularin

Some toxins from bacteria, like____ and _____ , can be deadly or cause liver tumors.

Lathyrus

Eating seeds from certain plants called ____ can cause a serious disease called lathyrism 

lathyrism 

Eating seeds from certain plants called Lathyrus can cause a serious disease called_____ 

lathyrism

____- is a neurological disease that causes people to lose control of their limbs.

• common group

• side chain

Amino acids have two parts such as ___

amino part and an acid part

[Two Part of Amino Acid]

The common group has an_____ [2] 

True

[Two Part of Amino Acid]

[T/F] 

The side chain is different for each amino acid

side chains

Amino acids are grouped based on their ___

side chain

The_____ decides how the amino acid acts and what it does

alpha carbon

The carbon atom that connects to the amino group, acid group, Rgroup, and a hydrogen is called the_____

polypeptide

long chain of amino acids is aka ____

True

[T/F]

• In a long chain of amino acids (polypeptide), you can find the alpha carbon by looking for the carbon with those four parts attached

,.

A peptide bond

______- forms when the acid group of one molecule joins with the amino group of another.

dehydration synthesis or a condensation reaction.

A peptide bond forms when the acid group of one molecule joins with the amino group of another  .This reaction gives off a water molecule, so it’s called____

peptide bond

[PEPTIDE]

The resulting CO-NH bond is called a ___

amide group or a peptide group.

[PEPTIDE]

The resulting four-atom functional group -C(=O)NH- is called ____