4.1-4.3 anatomy powerpoints

what has gray matter; genetic information, energy generation, homeostasis

soma

telencephalon

cerebral cortex and limbic system

diencephelan

thalamus, hypothalamus

mesencephalon

midbrain

metencephalon

pons, cerebellum

myelencephalon

medulla

_____ trimester: suck/swallow, motor movements (kicking), blinking, senses (startle at loud noises)

____ trimester: brain triples in weight during last trimester (growing those gyri!), myelination, more senses (response to light), diaphragmatic movements (“practice breathing”)

2nd

3rd

After age ____: synaptic pruning: more highways, fewer ____(adults have ½ the synapses as infants/toddlers)

2

backroads

what is the receptor of transmitted signal from previous neuron

dendrite

white matter; travels across nervous system, can be a meter in length!

axon

where transmission happens to the next neuron at the synapse (synaptic cleft)

axon terminal

fatty covering that speeds up transmission down axon

myelin

nervous tissues in your brain and spinal cord

CNS

nervous tissue in your body

peripheral nervous system

A neuron that exists from your brainstem and travels to your face is called

cranial nerve

A neuron that exists from your spinal cord and travels to your fingers or toes is called

spinal nerve

cell bodies (signal generation) has what kind of matter

grey matter

axons (signal travel & transmission)

white matter

In your brain, grey matter is _____and white matter is internal; in your spinal cord, _____matter is internal and _____matter is external

In your brain, grey matter is external and white matter is internal; in your spinal cord, grey matter is internal and white matter is external

true or false: there are more neurons than glial cells

false: 4x as many glial cells

what kind of tissue inside nervous system

• •surround neurons, holding them in place, insulate neurons, supply nutrients and oxygen, make myelin, make cerebrospinal fluid, maintain homeostasis, clean up (eat) dead neurons

connective tissue

what kind of glial cell transports oxygen from blood to the brain

astrocytes

which glial cells create mylein

oligodendrocytes

which glial cells eat dead cells and bad organisms; synaptic pruning; injury repair

microglia (NOM NOM MICROGLIA)

true false: (glial cells) astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia are all in the PNS

FALSE—> CNS

what type of cells repair damage to neurons

Schwann cells

what type of cells supply nutrients and cushion neurons

satellite cells

where do schwann and satellite cells live (CNS or PNS)

the PNS

involuntary is to _____ as somatic is to ____

autonomic as somatic is to voluntary

what separates the 2 hemispheres

what does longitudinal fissure separate

what separates the frontal and parietal lobe

what is the central sulcus

what separates the frontal and temporal in anteriror

• temporal/parietal in posterior

lateral fissure

which lobe is

abstract processes including reasoning, problem solving, personality; also movement

frontal

which lobe is:

somatic sensation (body sensation) including touch, pressure, pain, temperature

parietal lobe

what lobe is auditory reception (hearing), language

temporal

what lobe is auditory reception

temporal

what lobe is visual reception

occipital

gustation (taste), emotion, cravings, empathy

insula

where is the insula

inside the _____

lateral fissure

Inhibition of motor movements, “background” muscle tone, postural stability, motor learning

basal ganglia

Coordination, precision & fine motor correction, distance, speed of motor movements

cerebellum

In around 90-95% of people, language is centered in the ____ hemisphere

• less likely for _____

left

• less likely for lefties

White matter structure right above the subcortical structures – connects the hemispheres

corpus callosum

•All sensory information (hearing, vision, body, etc) except for smell

•Call center

•Consciousness/alertness 

thalamus

what connects the thalamus to the limbic system

the hypothalamus

what does the hypothalamus not controls

1. Hormones

2. Body temperature

3. Hunger

4.Language

5. Attachment behaviors (parenting, relationships)

6. Fatigue

7. Sleep

8. Executive functions

4 and 8

what system is made up of

•Amygdala

•Basal ganglia

•Hippocampus

limbic system

white matter structure that connects the hemispheres

corpus callosum

internal structures that create cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

ventricles

•Sensory relay station

•“Call center”

•All sensory information goes through here except ____!

•___to ___ connection

•Also associated with consciousness and _____

thalamus

•Sensory relay station

•“Call center”

•All sensory information goes through here except _smell___!

•Body to brain connection

•Also associated with consciousness and alertness

hypothalamus

Connects _____ with _____ system

•Controls hormones, body temperature, hunger, attachment behaviors (parenting, relationships), fatigue, sleep

•_______– secretes hormones from pituitary gland

hypothalamus

•Connects thalamus with limbic system

•Controls hormones, body temperature, hunger, attachment behaviors (parenting, relationships), fatigue, sleep

•Metabolic – secretes hormones from pituitary gland

•Almond shaped clusters in each hemisphere – _____lobe

•____ responses (fear, anxiety, aggression)

•Biting ppl emotions

•Also associated with _____-making

•fast _____ making

•Also associated with _____(through connection to hippocampus)

• Almond shaped clusters in each hemisphere – temporal lobe

•Emotional responses (fear, anxiety, aggression)

•Biting ppl emotions

•Also associated with decision-making

•Reflex decision making

•Also associated with memory (through connection to hippocampus)

•Memory

•Spatial orientation & navigation

•“The caterpillar” or “the seahorse” – curled up in the temporal lobe

•Connected to ______ and _____bulb

•Why smells trigger really strong emotions

•Implicated for _______ disease

hippocampus

Memory

•Spatial orientation & navigation

•“The caterpillar” or “the seahorse” – curled up in the temporal lobe

•Connected to __amygdala__(emotion) and _olfactory___ bulb (smell)

•Why smells trigger really strong emotions

•Implicated for Alzheimer’s disease

•Inhibition of motor movements, “background” muscle tone, postural stability

•____learning (learn steps to do something)

•Connected with _____cortex

•Procedural learning and ____formation (also reward)

•Makes (what neurotransmitter) ____

•Strongly interconnected to ___cortex and ___(sensory-to-motor adjustments… fine motor movement)

•Implicated in _____ disease, _____disease

•But also the cerebellum

•“The wrap” – wraps around the thalamus

basal ganglia

•Inhibition of motor movements, “background” muscle tone, postural stability

•Motor learning (learn steps to do something)

•Connected with premotor cortex

•Procedural learning and habit formation (also reward)

•Makes dopamine

•Strongly interconnected to motor cortex and thalamus (sensory-to-motor adjustments… fine motor movement)

•Implicated in Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease

•But also the cerebellum

•“The wrap” – wraps around the thalamus

Inhibition of motor movements, “background” muscle tone, postural stability, motor learning

basal ganglia

Coordination, precision & fine motor correction, distance, speed of motor movements

cerebellum

•Basal ganglia (striatum) + Cerebellum

•Chorea – jerky involuntary movements

•High chance of passing it to children

huntington’s disease

•Basal ganglia (substantia nigra)

•Everything a little slurred, quiet, not crisp/clean

•Late disease and relatively effective treatment

•Tremor, rigid posture, “shuffling” walk

Parkinson’s disease

what makes up the brainstem

midbrain and pons

Recall: below the foramen magnum

•Atlas, axis

•Associated with movement and sensation of the body

•5 levels are what

•Recall: below the foramen magnum

•Atlas, axis

•Associated with movement and sensation of the body

•5 levels: cervical (neck, arms, shoulders, diaphragm), thoracic (chest), lumbar (legs), sacral (bowel, bladder), coccyx (tailbone)

Peripheral Nervous System

•Recall: central vs. peripheral only means, is it inside your brain/spinal cord, or does it leave your brain/spinal cord?

•Cranial nerves: leave from the _____

•A big topic in this class!

•Spinal nerves: leave from the ___ cord

•Sensory receptors (at level of muscle)

•Recall: central vs. peripheral only means, is it inside your brain/spinal cord, or does it leave your brain/spinal cord?

•Cranial nerves: leave from the brainstem

•A big topic in this class!

•Spinal nerves: leave from the spinal cord

•Sensory receptors (at level of muscle)

spinal cord

In the brain: grey matter _____, white matter _____

•In the spinal cord: white matter ______, grey matter _____

•Functions to transmit information from the brain to the body (______) and from the body to the brain (______)

•Ventral column: ____

•Dorsal column: _____

spinal cord:

•In the brain: grey matter outside, white matter inside

•In the spinal cord: white matter outside, grey matter inside

•Functions to transmit information from the brain to the body (_motor_) and from the body to the brain (__sensory__)

•Ventral column: motor

•Dorsal column: sensory

what nervous system is “fight or flight”

sympathetic

what nervous system is “rest and digest”

parasympathetic

•Speech = _____

•_____ lobe

•_____ cortex

•“______area”

•Brodmann area 44 & 45

motor

Frontal lobe

•Premotor cortex

•“Broca’s area”

•Brodmann area 44 & 45

•Hearing = _____

•___ lobe

•_____ _____cortex

•Brodmann area 41 & 42

sensory

• ___temporal___ lobe

• primary auditory cortex

• Brodmann area 41&42

•Language = ______

•______ lobe

•_____ ______cortex

•“_____ area”

•Brodmann area 22

symbolic

• temporal lobe

• auditory association cortex

• wernicke’s area

what is the white matter pathway connecting Broca’s & Wernicke’s areas

Arcuate fasciculus

•Arcuate fasciculus (white matter pathway connecting Broca’s & Wernicke’s areas)

•Supramarginal & angular gyri – parietal lobes, integrate vision, touch, & hearing

they both _______

integration

•Parietal lobe (Brodmann area 40)

•Integrates tactile information – sounds in words (phonological processing), rhyming, sounding out words (decoding)

supramarginal gyrus

•Parietal lobe (Brodmann area 39)

•Integrates vision/visual information

•READING AND WRITING

•Associated with dysgraphia and dyscalculia

angular gyrus

•_____area

•Motor speech production

•Part of the premotor cortex

•______area

•Comprehension of speech

•Part of auditory association cortex

•___ ____cortex

•Receives sensory information from ear

•____ _____

•Association pathway, connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s area through supramarginal & angular gyri

•______ gyrus

•Interprets tactile information for phonological processing, music

•_____ gyrus

•Interprets visual information for reading & writing

•Broca’s area

•Motor speech production

•Part of the premotor cortex

•Wernicke’s area

•Comprehension of speech

•Part of auditory association cortex

•Primary auditory cortex

•Receives sensory information from ear

•Arcuate fasciculus

•Association pathway, connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s area through supramarginal & angular gyri

•Supramarginal gyrus

•Interprets tactile information for phonological processing, music

•Angular gyrus

•Interprets visual information for reading & writing

•Remember that the insula is deep inside the ____ fissure

•“What’s near what” matters in the brain: these are shorter neural connections

•So speech, language, and hearing are located in cortex that is associated with emotion

•Remember that the insula is deep inside the lateral fissure

•“What’s near what” matters in the brain: these are shorter neural connections

•So speech, language, and hearing are located in cortex that is associated with emotion