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An intellectual movement that began in the 1400s which focused on human potential in such fields as philosophy, poetry, and history was known as…
Humanism
What was the intention of Machiavelli’s book, “The Prince?”
a. to provide princes with a handbook on how to rule ethically
b. to inform citizens of Italian city-states of their responsibilities
c. to educate the nobility in manners and proper etiquette
d. to instruct leaders on how to gain and maintain power at any cost
D
All of the following happened as a result of Martin Luther’s challenging the church EXCEPT:
a. german princes went to war over their principalities’ religion
b. the church took on a powerful role of political and religious leadership in Europe
c. peasants throughout Germany rose up in the rebellion in hopes of ending serfdom
d. Luther was excommunicated from the church
e. A group of followers claiming to be the Lutherans was established
B
All of the following were motivations for Europeans to explore the Americas EXCEPT:
a. to use the resources from the newly conquered lands for the host country
b. to discover spices and precious metals without having to go through Arab middlemen
c. to Christianize the native population
d. to discover gold and silver for the wealth of their nation
e. to prevent the spread of slavery
E
What was the significance of the argument determining whether the earth or the sun was the center of the universe in Europe in the 16th century?
If the church was wrong about the earth’s location in the universe, then it could be challenged in other areas.
Enlightened absolutists could best be described as rulers who…
believed in the enlightenment ideals while still maintaining control of the government
All of the following issues were addressed by enlightenment philosophes EXCEPT:
a. child labor
b. slavery
c. women’s rights
d. Jews status in society
e. homosexuality
E
In which country did the industrial revolution begin in the 18th century?
a. USA
b. France
c. Germany
d. Great Britain
e. Belgium
D
Industrialization began with which of following industries?
a. textile mills
b. automobile plants
c. steel factories
d. railroads
e. skyscrapers
A
What movement in Europe does this political cartoon best demonstrate?
Imperialism
What is social darwinism?
There is a survival of the fittest element in people and nations
How did Industrialization influence European imperialism?
a. the competition of the European powers forced them to take over one another in order to gain new markets
b. the need for resources and new markets to sell to encouraged European countries to conquer the regions/nations that would provide goods to fuel industrialization
c. the massive production of goods forced European citizens to immigrate to other nations
d. creating more consumer goods required citizen to turn on one another within a country causing civil wars
e. none of the above
B
All of the following are considered long-term causes of WWl EXCEPT?
a. the growing sense of nationalism emerging in Western Europe
b. the secret alliance system created by European powers
c. the assassination of the Austrian archduke in the summer of 1914
d. the imperialistic competition between the British and Germans
e. a militaristic build-up and competition between western powers.
C?
At the WWl peace conference, self determination referred to…
Each country could determine its own leadership and government
The following cartoon represents what?
The three estates and the peasants challenging the long-held authority of nobility and church leaders at the beginning of the French Revolution.
What social and economic system was employed in Europe throughout the middle ages?
Feudalism
European society during the Renaissance differed from the European society during the Middle Ages in that during the Renaissance?
a. the Church was no longer influencial
b.the emphasis on individual worth increased
c.economic activity declined
d. art no longer contained religious themes
B
Which statement best describes a characteristic of the Renaissance in Europe?
a. the social structure
b. creativity in the arts was employed
c. the political structure was similar to that of the Roman Empire
d. humanism decreased in importance
B
One factor that enabled the Renaissance to flourish in Northern Italy was that the region had:
a. a wealthy class of individuals that invested in the parts
b. a socialist form of government
c. limited contact with the Byzantine Empire
d. a shrinking middle class
A
The Renaissance and Protestant Reformation were similar in that they both were…
stimulated by a spirit of inquiry
In Europe a major characteristic of humanism is:
a. a belief in the supremacy of the state in relation to individual rights
b. a rejection of ancient civilizations and their cultures
c. an emphasis on social control and obedience to national rulers
d. an appreciation for the basic worth of individual achievement
D
What idea about leadership would Niccolo Machiavelli most likely support?
a. leaders should do whatever is necessary to achieve their goals
b. leaders should fight against discrimination and intolerance
c. leaders should listen to the desires of the people
d. elected leaders should be fair and good to their subjects
A
All of the following countries emerged as strong nation-states during the Renaissance/Reformation period except…
a. Italy
b. Portugal
c. Spain
d. England
A
Which of these events during the Age of Exploration led to the other three?
a. Europeans brought food, animals, and ideas from one continent to another
b. European diseases had an adverse effect on the native populations of new territories
c. warfare increased as European nations competed for land and power
d. advances in learning and technology made long ocean voyages possible
D
What was a characteristic of the policy of mercantilism followed by Spanish colonial rulers in Latin America?
The colonies were required to provide raw materials to Spain and to purchase Spanish manufactured goods.
One result of the European conquest of Latin America was that in Latin America:
a. Spanish became the major spoken language
b. Native American cultures flourished
c. Aztec religion spread
d. many parliamentary democracies were established
A
Which of the following historical events would have influenced Spanish involvement in the New World?
a. the sparks of the religious Reformation which called for Catholics to move throughout the world
b. The Renaissance was a movement that encouraged a more humanistic approach to global affairs
c. the advent of the printing press gave sea navigators the ability to traverse greater distances
d. The French and English settlement in the New World forced the Spanish to try to catch up with their European counterparts
C
Which of the following statements explains the effects of the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494?
a. it gave the french the western hemisphere and the British control of Africa and Asia
b. It instituted a period of peace between European nations after war broke out for control of North America
c. It divided the spheres of influence between the Spanish and the Portuguese in the western hemisphere and Africa
d. It provided the Italians, English, and French to divide up Far East colonies in an equal manner
C
All of the following were problems within the Church that allowed for a religious revolution except…
a. corruption of popes who misused their authority in waging wars
b. extravagant spending of leaders within the Church
c. monks and priests were poorly trained and educated
d. priests couldn’t agree on church doctrines and what message to preach to their conjugations
d
A major result of the Age of Exploration was:
a. A long period of peace and prosperity for the nations of western europe
b. extensive migration of people from the western hemisphere to europe and asia
c. the fall of European national monarchies and the end of the power of the catholic church
d. the end of regional isolation and the beginning of a period of European global domination
D
“Europe is waking out of a long, deep sleep… time was when learning was only found in the religious orders…learning has passed to secular princes and peers.” This quotation best describes the:
a. Renaissance
b. decline of the roman empire
c. crusades
d. reformation
A
What was the significance of an author who wrote in his vernacular?
it allowed for increased literacy as people where able to read books in their native languages.
What was the significance of the Peace of Augsburg settled in 1555?
German princes would determine which religion would be practiced in their principality.
All of the following were settled at the council of trent in 1545 except:
a. indulgences were valid expressions of faith
b. Bible and Church were equally powerful authorities for Christians
c. Luther was to be reinstated as a priest as a priest once he begged for forgiveness
d. Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final
C
In what European city did John Calvin establish a theocracy for his followers?
Geneva, Switzerland
All of the following were motivations for Europeans to explore the Americas EXCEPT:
a. to use resources from the newly conquered lands for the host country
b. to Christianize the native population
c. to discover gold and silver for the wealth of their nation
d. prevent the spread of slavery
D
All of the following were Protestant denominations except:
a. Angelicans
b. Orthodox
c. Anabaptists
d. Calvinists
B
What was the bubonic plague?
an infection that spread to humans through infected fleas that travel on rats.
What were the three values of the Renaissance period?
Secularism
Humanism
Art, Literature, Writing
What were three pieces of art that Michelangelo is noted for?
Pieta, Statue of David, Paintings on the Sistine Chapel
Why was Martin Luther considered the first “modern” European?
He said that people could interpret the Bible by themselves and they don’t need the Church to do it for them. He also posted the 95 theses on a door for everyone to look at. These were 95 reasons why the Church shouldn’t get all the power and he was the first one to actually start voicing his opinion.
What country was viewed as the heart of the Enlightenment?
France
What was the significance of the argument determining whether the earth or sun was the center of the universe in Europe in the 16th century?
If the Church was wrong about the earth’s location in the universe, then it could be challenged in other areas
Who observed the imperfections on the sun, moon, and was able to discover moons revolving around other planets with the use of a telescope?
Galileo
Who wrote On the Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies which first proved that the sun was the center of the universe?
Nicolas Copernicus
Which philosopher wrote Discourse on Method which was viewed as the beginning of modern rationalism. (Hint: “I think, therefore I am.”)
Descartes
The significance of the scientific method in Europe was that it:
a. introduced the belief that humans could discover and know absolute truths
b. challenged long-held beliefs about human nature
c. allowed for the inventions of technology that radically re-shaped the world
d. promoted human intelligence
e. all of the above
E
Who was the author of the book The Wealth of Nations (1776) which outlined the fundamental ideas of capitalism that are still used today?
Adam Smith
What document was tremendously influenced by John Locke?
The Declaration of Independence
What Enlightenment philosoph introduced the concept of natural rights?
John Locke
All of the following was supported by Beccaria except:
a. no cruel and unusual punishment
b. supportive of capital punishment
c. punishments should not be excessively brutal
d. prisoners should also be rehabilitated
e. criminals should be treated like human beings rather than animals
B
What did Wollstonecraft promote in A Vindication of Rights of Women?
Women should have the right to an education
All of the following issues were addressed by enlightened philosophes except:
a. child labor
b. slavery
c. women’s rights
d. Jew’s status in society
e. Homosexuality
E
Which of the following events marked the peaceful transfer of power in England from the monarchy to one shared with Parliament in the late 17th century?
a. war of the roses
b. english civil war
c. glorious revolution
d. english mercantilism
e. american revolution
C
What was the purpose of salons in the Enlightenment era?
They were social gatherings which allowed people to openly challenge the Church among writers, scientists, and philosophers
Which of the following terms represents a common religious practice for Enlightenment philosophies?
a. catholicism
b. deism
c. protestantism
d. rationalism
e. none of the above
B
Who are Enlightenment despots?
people who believed in enlightenment ideals while still maintaining control of the government
All of the following contributed to the spread of enlightenment EXCEPT:
a. salons
b. encyclopedias
c. novels/literature
d. architecture
e. philosophes
D
Why was Adam Smith promoting capitalism in the late 18th century?
Britain was under a mercantilistic economy and Smith felt that the natural laws of economics would enhance British trading power in the world rather than let the government dictate the economy
Which represented the most common type of government in Europe prior to the European Enlightenment?
a. republic
b. limited constitutional monarchy
c. aristocracy
d. democracy
e. divine-right monarchy
E
All of the following men made advancements in science during the 1500s-1600s EXCEPT:
a. Galileo
b. Ptolemy
c. copernicus
d. newton
e. kepler
B
What 2 characteristics best defines what the baroque period celebrated?
balance and order
What does the latin phrase “tabula rosa” mean?
Human beings were born neither good nor evil but are shaped by their experiences
What government did Thomas Hobbes most likely want to promote?
a. limited constitutional monarchy
b. divine right monarchy
c. democracy
d. absolute monarchy
e. none of the above
D
Which philosophe would most likely support John Locke’s ideas?
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Which form of government will be most influenced by John Locke’s ideas?
Representative democracies
Which of the following scenarios is most applicable to the meaning behind Locke’s ideas?
a. governments need to provide protection in order to keep order and security from outside invaders
b. people should be able to determine how much power they give to government leaders
c. governments are infallible and should never get input from the population lest it lead to chaos and disorder
d. women should be conferred with equal rights in order for equality to exist between genders and races
e. none of the above
B
What’s the definition of “general will?”
Societies should function according to what the majority of citizens prefer
Which enlightenment philosophe would be most opposed to Baron de Montesquieu’s ideas?
Thomas Hobbes
What are the three natural laws of economics according to Adam Smith?
Supply and Demand, Self- Interest, Competition
What are the 5 characteristics that Enlightenment philosophes share?
Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, Liberty
What did Hobbes think about human nature?
man is naturally evil and nothing will change that
What did Locke think about human nature?
People aren’t good or bad but they can improve based on experiences
What did Rousseau think about human nature?
People are naturally good and they will make good decisions when it is needed
What did Hobbes think they purpose of government was?
Protect the people, but the people will give up some freedom in return
What did Locke think the purpose of the government was?
Listen to what the people want. Base all decisions on what the people want. If people are unhappy, they have the ability to overthrow the government.
What did Rousseau think the purpose of the government was?
Let the people decide on the issues and go with what the majority says. Many branches of the government so one person can’t take it over
What type of government did Hobbes support?
Absolute/Constitutional Monarchy
What type of government did Locke support?
Anything but a monarchy for the most part. Republic of some type is probably first choice
What type of government did Rousseau support?
Power is separated so democracy, representative republic, etc
Which of the following statements best explains the social class tensions in France on the eve of the revolution?
a. The first estate was forcing the peasants to pay higher taxes which caused tremendous tension
b. The third estate was the overwhelming majority of the French population, paid the most in taxes, and earned the least amount of income
c. The second estate conflicted with land ownership with the first estate which boiled over into violent clashes
d. The third estate and the first estate were allied against the second estate in a battle for control of the government
e. The third estate had gained too much control of the french government causing resentment among the other estates
B
Which factor was the primary difference between the French nobility and the bourgeoisie class of French citizens?
a. Wealth
b. religion
c. family tree
d. language
e. gender
C
What dates represent the years of revolution in France?
1789-1799
All of the following were rights accorded to French citizens from the “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Its Citizens” EXCEPT:
a. liberty
b. property
c. security
d. no taxes
e. resistance to oppression
D
Why did the third estate establish the National Assembly?
They weren’t represented under the Old Regime and they wanted to pass laws that represented the French people
All of the following were causes that lead to the revolution EXCEPT:
a. Louis XVI’s spending habits
b. Enlightenment ideas of equality, liberty, democracy
c. Robespierre’s year of rule over the country
d. The heavy burden of taxes placed on the majority of citizens
e. a severe shortage of food causing a rise in price of bread and living conditions
C
What was the Tennis Court Oath?
The third estate swore to stay at a tennis court until a new constitution was written which represented the majority of the french citizens
Considered the symbolic event of the French Revolution as the French people took up arms against the government
Storming of the Bastille
What group of French citizens opposed further revolutionary change after church lands were confiscated by the National Assembly?
Peasants
What historic event caused France to go into debt because Louis XVI emptied his country’s financial resources?
American Revolution
All of the following were components of the Republic of Virtue EXCEPT:
a. dechristianization
b. changing the months of the calendar
c. women wearing longer dresses to model ancient Rome
d. titles changed to “citizen” and “citizeness”
e. promoting slavery in its colonies
E
This group took control to protect the French citizens from the “enemies of the republic"
Committee of Public Safety
What was the name of the government that placed the power in the hands of the upper middle class as it called for a two-house legislature and an executive body of five men?
Directory
Why was Robespierre’s time in power referred to as the reign of terror?
He imprisoned and executed all of those who he suspected to be trying to take power from him or promote monarchical ideas
This person was executed on January 21, 1793 and marked the radicalization of the French Revolution
King Louis XVI
Which of the following statements best describes the tensions between the nobility and the bourgeoisie?
a. The nobility did not like how wealthy the bourgeoisie was getting
b. the bourgeoisie did not like how nobility held so much power simply through tradition rather than working for it
c. the nobility and bourgeoisie were competing for rural lands on which peasants lived
d. the bourgeoisie wanted to give all power to the king rather than letting the nobility have any
e. none of the above
B
In October of 1789 why did thousands of women march to the palace of Versailles to protest?
Their children were starving from a lack of bread
Which of the following statements best describes how Napoleon came to power in France?
a. He was democratically elected by the French people
b. He was appointed by the Directory
c. He instituted a coup d’etat and forcibly took power
d. He was elected by the nobility
e. he was appointed by the first estate
c
All of the following statements about the Roman Catholic Church are true during the French Revolution except:
a. it held tremendous power in the Old Regime as it controlled schools, hospitals, and owned over 10% of all French lands
b. it was stripped of its land by the National assembly in order to fund the government
c. clergy were encouraged to break Catholic traditions and marry during the Republic of Virtue
d. Churches were often closed and temples of reason were opened during Robespierre’s time in power
e. once Napoleon took power, the church reasserted its authority and held as strong of standing in French society as before the revolution
E
Why was the guillotine used frequently during the French Revolution?
The people saw it as more human, or “enlightened” way of executing people
Note 
Flashcard (24)