Psychology Test 1: Unit 1&2

empiricism

empiricism

the more experience you have the more knowledge, so science should rely on observations (ex: touching hot stove experience showed you it was harmful)

structuralism

Wundt/Titchener. Uses one’s own mental process to reveal the human mind. (ex: inventing shortcuts for languages, idk, idc)

functionalism

James/Darwin. Explores how mental processes allow people to adapt and live. (ex: cognitive behavior therapy)

experimental psychology

using experiments to study behavior and thinking (ex: study to look if lack of sleep affect performance daily)

behaviorism

psych should be an objective science that studies behaviors not mental processes. (ex: when a teacher rewards their class for having good behvaior in the week)

humanistic psychology

emphasizes the potential of growth of healthy people (ex: a thereapist seeing a client for the first time and seeing what needs are to be met in order for the client to grow)

cognitive neuroscience

study of brain activity linked with acquiring knowledge (ex: studying for a test because last time you studied you recieved a good outcome)

psychology

study of behavior and mental processes (ex: body language)

nature-nurture issue

genes and experience help develop psychological traits and behaviors. Behaviors arise from nature and nurture. (ex: child with height not reaching full height bc of lack of nourishment)

natural selection

“survival of the fittest”, good inhereited traits that increase survival will be passed to succeding generations (ex: giraffes evolving long necks to reach food)

levels of analysis

the different ways or levels to view things (ex: how 2 people interact and influence behaviors )

biopsychosocial approach

a type of approach that includes all background info to analyze. Bio- psych- social. Considering all of them to understand health. (ex: liver disease and depression, maybe abused alcohol)

behavioral psychology

study of observing behavior (ex: reward system when potty-training) (i see you, 2 fingers)

biological psychology

study of the link between biological and psychological processes. (ex: fingerprint)

Cognitive psychology

study of all mental activities, how we process information; reading, writing, speaking, memorizing (C for encode)

Evolutionary psychology

mental evolution, how humans psychological process have changed overtime, survival of the fittest (fingers grow)

humanistic psychology

how humans can reach their full potential (ex: heart, ring finger)

psychodynamic psychology

unconscious thoughts and morals that are ingrained, how these unconscious drives influence behavior (ex: spinning fingers for psycho)

socio-cultural psychology

how culture and society changes psychological processes (ex: shaking someones hand)

psychometrics

measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits (ex: memorizing sequence of number, patterns, or small puzzles)

basic research

science that increase our knowledge on science (ex: study on how alcohol consumption impacts the brain)

developmental psychology

physical, cognitive, and social change throughout life (ex: studying a child birth to death and how they develop)

educational psychology

how psychological processes affect teaching and learning (ex: doing bad on a test because you don’t perform well in a textbook format)

personality psychology

study of individuals personality (thoughts, feelings)

social psychology

how we feel, think, influence and relate to one another (acting different around your family vs at school)

applied research

solving practical problems by applying research to real world situations (ex: does music increase productivity in a work environment)

industrial-organized psychology

how we apply psychological concepts to optimize human behavior in workplaces (employee satisfaction)

human factors psychology

how people and machines coexist. how machines are useful in physical environment (OR, health-care equipment)

counseling psychology

way for those living with problems can find assistance and become best version of themselves (ex: developmental therapy)

clinical psychology

asses and treats people with mental disorders (ex: psychiatrist)

psychiatry

branch of medicine for psychological disorders (ex: anti-depressants)

positive psychology

goals of discovering and promoting strength/virtues that help individuals and communities thrive (journaling)

community psychology

how people interact in social settings and how it affects them (assessing individual needs in a community)

testing effect

advancing memory by testing on the info (exams)

SQ3R

study method: survey, question, read, retrieve, review (quizlet)

hindsight bias

after learning the outcome believing that one would have foreseen it (“I knew they were going to win!”)

critical thinking

making conclusions by fully assessing the situation rather then making blind assumptions (doctor deciding which case to treat first)

theory

an explanation using observations and predicts things (gravity)

hypothesis

a testable prediction, implied by theory (eating breakfast will make you perform better)

operational definition

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study (weight refers to the numbers that appear on a scale after something is placed on it)

replication

repeating the essence of a research study; different people or situations to test a theory (ex: 2 blood pressure readings on a person)

case study

technique of studying people in depth in hope of revealing universal principles (Freuds study: The rat man)

naturalistic observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without manipulating the control

survey

a way to get self-reports by questioning people (ex: school survey about improvements)

sampling bias

flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample (ex: presidential elections)

population

all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn (ex: humans being studied on appetite)

random sample

sample that fairly represents a population because each member has equal chance of inclusion (ex: choosing names out of a hat)

correlation

measure of the extent to which 2 variables change together, how well either variable predicts other (ex: temperature vs ice cream sales)

correlation coefficient

statistical index of the relationship between 2 variables (-1.0 & +1.0)

scatterplot

graphed cluster of dots, each represents the value of 2 variables. Amount represents the strength of correlation

illusory correlation

the perception of a relationship where none exists (unwashed jersey means we will win the game)

experiment

observing the effect on some behavior, experimenter controls other variables

experimental group

in an experiment the group exposed to the treatment

control group

the group not exposed to the treatment, serves as a comparison

double-blind procedure

experimental procedure, participants and research staff are ignorant (blind) to if participants have received treatment (drug eval studies)

placebo effect

experiment affect the conclusion because participant assumes an active agent (wyfft drink)

independent variable

factor that is manipulated, variable whose effect is being studied (how much someone eats)

confounding variable

factor not independent that might produce an effect in an experiment, factors other than the independent variable that may cause a result.

dependent variable

outcome factor, variable that may chance in response to manipulations of IDV

Validity

extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what its supposed to (ex: driving component to a drivers test instead of just a paper test)

descriptive statistics

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups (mean, median, mode)

histogram

bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

mode

the most frequently occurring score in a distribution

mean

average of distribution, found by adding scores and dividing by number of scores)

median

middle score in a distribution, half above and half below

skewed distribution

scores that lack symmetry around their average value

range

difference between highest and lowest scores

standard deviation

measure of how many scores vary around the mean score

normal curve (normal distribution)

symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes distribution of many types of data, must fall near mean

inferential statistics

numerical data that allow one to generalize, infer from sample data the probability of something being true

statistical significance

statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

culture

behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and tradition shared y a group onto next generation (ex: catholic church)

informed consent

ethical principle, educates participants enough to decide to participate (ex: consent form)

debriefing

postexperiential explanation of a study, purpose to participants

Gestalt psychology

Has to do with perception and sensation. Our brain likes to make parts into a whole. We don’t like things not making sense to us. We like closure. (Triangle and circle diagram is closure)

Introspection

the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes. (ex. journaling)

Mary Whiton Calkins

Charles Darwin

Dorothea Dix

Sigmund Freud

G. Stanley Hall

William James

Ivan Pavlov

jean piaget

carl rodger

B.F. Skinner

operant conditioning process, introduction of response rates as dependent variable in research

Margaret Floy Washburn

the first women to earn a doctoral degree in american psychology, and second women to serve as APA president

John B. Watson

psychology becomes full science, says only phenomena that is observable can be studied--- behaviorism

Wilhelm Wundt

brought psych to science, founded experimental lab, introspection