UARK Motor Development Ch 11, 12, 13, 15

Prehension

grasping, opening and closing of the hand, reach and release

Constraint

limitation or restriction

Halverson's Stages of Grasping

1. Sweeping back forth trying to contatc object after visual

2. Circle around from different angles

3. Eventuall move arm in direct path toward the object

Phase I Reach and Grasp

One hand, visual, 4-5 months

Phase Phase II Reach and Grasp

Two hands, Tactile, 7-8 months

Primitive Squeeze

Around 5 months, object "scooped"

Squeeze Grasp

6 months, fingers press object into palm

Hand Grasp

7 months, fingers curl and press object into palm

Palm Grasp

7-8 months, Finger and thumb curl over object

Superior Palm Grasp

8 months, thumb and 2 fingers, more control

Pincer Grasp

9-13 months, forefinger and thumb opposition

Haptic Properties of Objects

Texture, shape, hardness, softness, cold, hot, weight

Role Differentiated Bimanual Manipulation

One hand holding, or stabilizing, the target object while the other hand moves the object as desired, 18 months

Writing Stage 1

Fingers and thumb wrapped around pencil, supinated

Writing Stage 2

Pronate grasp, fingers and thumb wrapped around pencil

Writing Stage 3

static tripod, whole hand arm move, 2 fingers and thumb wrapped around pencil,

Writing Stage 4

Dynamic tripod, only finger and wrist movement

When does decline of fine motor control happen

Begins in the 40's

Beginning Walker

high guard, toes pointed out, wide base, short steps

Toddler Walk

Arms at midpoint, base narrows, toeing decrease, longer stride

Child to Adult Walk

Arms move in opposition, heel strike, consistent strid, knee joint bent

Jump

land on two legs

Hop

take off and land on same leg

Leap

Leap off on one leg and land on the other leg

Phases of Jumping

Preparatory, Takeoff and flight, and Landing

Stage of 1 Jumping Development

Arms go back not forward, more vertical, no crouch, land straight up

Stage 2 of Jumping Development

Arms go back not forward, Knees extend more, A little more forward but still up, landing upright

Stage 3 of Jumping Development

Arms extend back then forward but not above head, Kness and hips flex and fully extend, for forward, thighs not parallel to surface when feet make contact

Stage 4 of Jumping Development

Arms extend back then forward then above head, knees and hips fully extend, mostly forward and up, thighs parallel to surface when feet make contact

Stage 1 Kicking

little/no leg wind up

stationary position

foot "pushes" ball

step backward after kick

Stage 2 Kicking

leg wind-up to the rear

no/little approach

arm-leg opposition

Stage 3 Kicking

moving approach, foot travels in a low arc, arm-leg opposition, forward or sideward step on follow-through

Stage 4 Kicking

rapid approach, backward trunk lean during wind-up, leap before kick, hop after kick

Stage 1 Throwing

vertical wind-up, "chop throw", feet stationary, no spinal rotation

Stage 2 Throwing

horizontal wind-up, "sling throw", block rotation, follow-through across body

Stage 3 Throwing

high wind-up, ipsilateral step, little spinal rotation, follow-through across body

Stage 4 Throwing

high wind-up, contralateral step, some spinal rotation, follow-through across body

Stage 5 Throwing

downward arc wind-up, contralateral step, segmented body rotation, arm-leg follow-through

Stage 1 Catching

delayed arm action, arms straight in front until ball contact, then scoop to chest, feet stationary

Stage 2 Catching

arms encircle ball as it approaches, ball is "hugged" to chest, feet stationary or may take a step

Stage 3 Catching

"to chest" catch, arms "scoop" under ball to trap it to chest, feet stationary or may take a step

Stage 4 Catching

catch with hands only, feet stationary or may take 1-2 steps, awkward body position when move to object

Stage 5 Catching

absorbs force, moves to intercept ball

Stage 1 Striking

chop swing, no step

Stage 2 Striking

horizontal push/swing

block rotation

feet stationary/stepping

Stage 3 Striking

begins horizontal motion

Stage 4 Striking

contralateral step

segmented body rotation

wrist rollover on followthrough

Strength Changes with Older Age

Less contractile strenght of tissues, more fat and less muscle mass

Workout Guidlines for Adults

150-300 minutes per week ( moderate intensity)

Changes in Balance When Older

Vision and propioception decrease, increase BMI affects balance

TUG Test

Assesses mobility and balance

Supported chair with firm surface and stands walks 10 feet and turn to sit down.

Any measurement over 20 seconds are increased risk for falls with 30 seconds being high risk.

Postural Sway

When people stand upright with their eyes closed and are told that they are swaying back and forth, most will indeed sway a little.

Postural Control

Using righting and equilibrium adjustments to maintain balance during functional movements, declines with age

Changes in GAIT When Older

Loss of strength, loss of ROM, compensation

Falls in Older Adults

25% of persons aged 65 and older experience a fall each year, females more likely, hospitalization

Physiological Functional Capacity

ability to undertake physical tasks of daily life with success and ease

ADLs

activities of daily living

Systems Used While Driving

Vision, Reaction time, Decision making, Hearing, Flexibility

How to maintain Independence when Older

Educaiton level, stay active, environmental assesment and remove dangers