DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

TOS BASED FLASHCARDS

Which type of correlation is strongest in early childhood?

Passive Correlation

A teenager with a genetic talent for art decides to enroll in a painting class. This is an example of:

Active Correlation

A child who is naturally outgoing receives more social interactions, reinforcing their sociability. This is an example of:

Reactive (Evocative) Correlation

Musical parents have a child who grows up in a house full of instruments, making them more likely to develop musical skills. This is an example of:

Passive Correlation

Which type of correlation involves an individual choosing environments that fit their genetic tendencies?

Active Correlation

What is Passive Correlation?

Parents provide both genes and environment, shaping a child’s development.

What is Reactive (Evocative) Correlation?

A child's genetic traits evoke responses from others, reinforcing those traits.

What is Active Correlation?

A person actively seeks out environments that match their genetic tendencies.

When is Passive Correlation strongest?

In childhood, when parents control the environment.

Give an example of Passive Correlation

Musical parents raise a child in a music-filled home, encouraging musical skills.

Give an example of Reactive (Evocative) Correlation

A friendly baby gets more social attention, reinforcing sociability.

Give an example of Active Correlation

An athletic child chooses to join a sports team to develop skills.

What are nonshared environmental effects?
a) Factors that make siblings similar
b) Unique environmental influences that make siblings different
c) Genetic traits inherited from parents
d) The shared experiences within a family

b) Unique environmental influences that make siblings different

Which of the following is an example of a nonshared environmental effect?
a) Family income
b) Having different friend groups
c) Parental beliefs about education
d) Neighborhood safety

b) Having different friend groups

Why do even identical twins raised together develop different personalities?
a) They have different genes
b) They experience different nonshared environmental effects
c) Their parents treat them exactly the same
d) They are naturally meant to be different

b) They experience different nonshared environmental effects

How do nonshared environmental effects influence development?
a) They make siblings more alike in personality and behavior
b) They have no impact on personality development
c) They contribute to individual differences in interests, careers, and mental health
d) They only affect physical growth, not psychological traits

c) They contribute to individual differences in interests, careers, and mental health

Which of these best describes the difference between shared and nonshared environmental effects?
a) Shared effects come from outside the home, while nonshared effects come from inside
b) Shared effects explain differences, while nonshared effects explain similarities
c) Shared effects make siblings similar, while nonshared effects make them different
d) Both shared and nonshared effects always influence siblings in the same way

c) Shared effects make siblings similar, while nonshared effects make them different

What does Genotype-Environment Interaction (GxE) mean?
a) Genes determine all aspects of development
b) People with different genes respond differently to the same environment
c) The environment completely controls genetic expression
d) People actively choose environments that match their genetics

b) People with different genes respond differently to the same environment

Which of the following is an example of GxE?
a) A child with a genetic risk for anxiety becomes anxious in a stressful home
b) A musically talented child is placed in piano lessons by their parents
c) A sociable child gets more attention and becomes even more sociable
d) An athletic child joins the school basketball team

a) A child with a genetic risk for anxiety becomes anxious in a stressful home

What does Genotype-Environment Correlation (rGE) mean?
a) Genetic traits influence the environment a person experiences
b) The environment always determines a person’s development
c) Identical twins react the same way to any environment
d) All children raised in the same home will have the same personality

a) Genetic traits influence the environment a person experiences

Which of the following is an example of Passive rGE?
a) A child with a genetic talent for music actively joins a band
b) Parents who love sports pass on athletic genes and enroll their child in soccer
c) A child with a natural tendency to be shy gets treated gently by teachers
d) A highly intelligent student seeks out challenging academic programs

b) Parents who love sports pass on athletic genes and enroll their child in soccer

What is the difference between GxE and rGE?
a) GxE means genes influence environment, while rGE means environment influences genes
b) GxE refers to differences in how people react to the same environment, while rGE refers to how genes influence the environments people experience
c) GxE only applies to identical twins, while rGE applies to all individuals
d) GxE and rGE mean the exact same thing

b) GxE refers to differences in how people react to the same environment, while rGE refers to how genes influence the environments people experience

Which of the following is NOT considered an environmental influence on development?
a) Parenting style
b) Genetic predisposition to height
c) Socioeconomic status
d) Cultural beliefs

b) Genetic predisposition to height

Explanation: Heredity (genes) determines height potential, while factors like nutrition (environment) affect actual growth.

The ability to learn a language easily during early childhood is an example of:
a) A critical period
b) A fixed genetic trait
c) A hereditary limitation
d) A biological predisposition

d) A biological predisposition

Explanation: The ability to learn a language easily during early childhood is an example of biological predisposition because the brain is innately wired for language acquisition.

Which of the following is an example of a social environmental influence?
a) Exposure to toxins before birth
b) The child's eye color
c) Parental discipline style
d) The child’s metabolism

c) Parental discipline style

Explanation: Parenting is part of the social environment, influencing behavior and emotional development.

Which statement best describes the relationship between heredity and environment?
a) Heredity determines everything, and the environment has no effect.
b) Environment shapes development, but heredity does not contribute.
c) Heredity sets the potential, and the environment influences how it is expressed.
d) Heredity and environment always work separately.

c) Heredity sets the potential, and the environment influences how it is expressed.

Explanation: Genes provide a foundation, but experiences and lifestyle shape the outcome.

A child raised in an academically stimulating environment performs better in school. This demonstrates which characteristic of the environment?
a) Fixed at conception
b) Can change over time
c) Independent of heredity
d) Limited to physical factors

b) Can change over time

Explanation: Environmental factors like education and stimulation evolve and shape development over time.

T/F: The environment refers only to physical surroundings, such as climate and nutrition.

False

Environment includes both physical (e.g., climate, nutrition) and social (e.g., culture, family, peers) influences.

T/F: Environmental influences can change throughout a person’s lifetime.

True

Environmental influences are modifiable and can change throughout life.

T/F: The social environment includes factors like family relationships, culture, and peer interactions.

True

Social environment includes parenting, culture, traditions, and peer groups.

T/F: Experiences during sensitive periods have a stronger impact on development than at other times.

True

Sensitive periods are phases where environmental influences have stronger effects.

T/F: A person’s intelligence is entirely determined by heredity, with no influence from the environment.

False

Intelligence is influenced by both genes and environment (e.g., education, stimulation, nutrition).

Anna is extremely hungry while waiting for her food at a restaurant. Instead of grabbing food from another table, she reminds herself to be patient because it’s not right to steal.
👉 Which part of personality is at work?

Answer: Superego
✔ Anna’s moral conscience is guiding her.
✔ She knows stealing is wrong, so she chooses to wait.

Mark is on a strict diet, but when he sees a chocolate cake, he immediately eats the whole thing without thinking about the consequences.
👉 Which part of personality is in control?

Answer: Id
✔ The id seeks immediate pleasure without considering future consequences.
✔ He acts on impulse, satisfying his craving instantly.

Liam finds a wallet on the street. His first thought is to keep the money, but he then decides to return it to the owner because stealing is wrong.
👉 Which part of personality is making him return the wallet?

Answer: Superego
✔ The superego enforces moral values—Liam knows stealing is wrong.
✔ His sense of right and wrong guides his decision

A child throws a tantrum in a toy store because they want their parent to buy them a new toy immediately.
👉 Which part of personality is driving this behavior?

Answer: Id
✔ The id is demanding immediate satisfaction without patience or reasoning.
✔ The child is acting on impulse, not thinking about consequences.

Mia wants to buy a new phone, but she knows she doesn’t have enough money. Instead of impulsively purchasing it, she decides to save up for it over time.
👉 Which part of personality is helping her make this decision?

Answer: Ego
✔ The ego balances what the id wants with what reality allows.
✔ Instead of acting on impulse, the ego finds a rational solution—saving up.

Which statement about the id is TRUE?
A) It develops around age 3-5
B) It follows the reality principle
C) It operates entirely in the unconscious
D) It always considers the consequences of actions

Answer: C) It operates entirely in the unconscious
✔ The id is completely unconscious—we are not aware of its primal urges, but they still influence behavior.

The superego is most concerned with:
A) Immediate gratification of needs
B) Finding realistic ways to satisfy desires
C) Internalizing moral values and guiding behavior
D) Seeking pleasure and avoiding pain

Answer: C) Internalizing moral values and guiding behavior
✔ The superego enforces morals and ethics, teaching us what is "right" or "wrong" based on societal norms.

Which of the following best describes the function of the ego?
A) Seeks immediate pleasure without considering consequences
B) Acts as a mediator between desires and morality
C) Enforces societal rules and makes moral judgments
D) Suppresses all instincts and impulses

Answer: B) Acts as a mediator between desires and morality
✔ The ego balances the id’s desires and the superego’s moral rules, making realistic decisions.

A student has an exam tomorrow but really wants to go out with friends. Instead of going out, they decide to study first and reward themselves later.
👉 Which part of personality is at work?

Answer: Ego
✔ The ego mediates between the id’s desire to have fun and the superego’s sense of responsibility.
✔ The student finds a balance by studying first and rewarding themselves later.

A man accidentally breaks a vase at a store and immediately blames a child standing nearby, even though he knows it was his fault.
👉 Which part of personality is at play?

Answer: Id
✔ The id is acting selfishly to avoid punishment and protect itself, without thinking about morality or reality.

✔ The ego would try to rationalize a solution, while the superego would encourage him to be honest.

Lisa sees a beautiful necklace in a store but doesn’t have the money for it. She considers stealing it but ultimately decides not to because she knows it’s against the law.
👉 Which part of personality stops her from stealing?

Answer: Superego
✔ The superego enforces morality, reminding her that stealing is wrong.
✔ If the ego were involved, it would find a more logical way to get the necklace (like saving money).

After a stressful day at work, John feels the urge to yell at his boss. Instead, he goes to the gym and lets out his frustration by exercising.
👉 Which part of personality helped him handle his frustration in a socially acceptable way?

Answer: Ego
✔ The ego redirects the id’s frustration into a socially acceptable action (exercise).
✔ This is a defense mechanism called sublimation—channeling impulses into productive activities.

A person constantly criticizes themselves for making small mistakes, feeling guilty and unworthy even when they do something right.
👉 Which part of personality is dominating here?

Answer: Superego
✔ The superego is too dominant, making the person excessively self-critical.
✔ If the id were in control, they wouldn’t care about mistakes or guilt at all.

Which situation is an example of the ego successfully balancing the id and superego?
A) Someone eats an entire cake despite being on a diet
B) A student skips class because they don’t feel like studying
C) A person wants to buy an expensive item but decides to save money instead
D) A child hits another kid because they took their toy

Answer: C) A person wants to buy an expensive item but decides to save money instead.
✔ The ego is balancing the id’s desire (to buy immediately) and the superego’s responsibility (saving money).

Which of the following would be an example of an unhealthy superego?
A) A person feels guilty for lying and decides to apologize
B) A person refuses to enjoy life because they believe pleasure is always wrong
C) A child eats candy even though their parent said no
D) A student studies for an exam to get a good grade

Answer: B) A person refuses to enjoy life because they believe pleasure is always wrong.
✔ A strict and dominant superego can make someone overly moralistic, feeling guilty for normal pleasures.

What happens when the id overpowers the ego and superego?
A) The person becomes highly anxious and self-critical
B) The person acts impulsively, seeking pleasure without considering consequences
C) The person follows every moral rule strictly, even at their own expense
D) The person carefully considers every decision before acting

Answer: B) The person acts impulsively, seeking pleasure without considering consequences.
✔ If the id is unchecked, a person chases instant gratification without worrying about rules or long-term effects.

A teenager constantly changes their style, friend groups, and future career choices, feeling unsure of who they really are.
👉 Which stage is this person struggling with?

Answer: Identity vs. Role Confusion
✔ The adolescent is struggling with finding a sense of self.
✔ If they fail to develop a stable identity, they may experience role confusion and lack direction.

A 4-year-old loves to play pretend and asks a lot of "why" questions. However, their parents constantly scold them for being too noisy and discourage their curiosity.
👉 What negative outcome might this child develop?

Answer: Guilt (Initiative vs. Guilt)
✔ The child’s natural initiative is being shut down, making them feel guilty for exploring.

At 68 years old, Maria reflects on her life with a sense of fulfillment, believing she lived meaningfully. Her best friend, however, regrets many past choices and feels like life has been wasted.
👉 What two opposing tendencies are represented here?

Answer: Integrity vs. Despair
✔ Maria has achieved integrity, feeling fulfilled with her life.
✔ Her best friend is experiencing despair, feeling regret and dissatisfaction.

A 25-year-old avoids relationships and refuses to open up emotionally because they fear rejection.
👉 Which stage are they struggling with, and what is the negative resolution?

Answer: Intimacy vs. Isolation → Isolation
✔ They are struggling with intimacy, leading to isolation due to fear of rejection.
✔ A healthy resolution would involve forming deep, meaningful relationships.

A 7-year-old student works hard in school and feels proud when their teacher praises them. However, their classmate, who struggles academically and receives little encouragement, starts to feel incompetent and withdraws from learning.
👉 What stage are they in, and what opposing outcomes do they face?

Answer: Industry vs. Inferiority → Competence vs. Incompetence
✔ The student gaining confidence is developing a sense of industry (competence).
✔ The struggling classmate is at risk of feeling inferior (incompetence).

Which of the following best represents "role confusion" in adolescence?
A) A teenager who experiments with different hobbies before settling on their interests
B) A teenager who feels lost about their identity and cannot commit to any beliefs or goals
C) A teenager who follows strict family traditions without questioning them
D) A teenager who develops strong friendships and confidently pursues their dreams

Answer: B) A teenager who feels lost about their identity and cannot commit to any beliefs or goals.
✔ Role confusion happens when an adolescent struggles to form a clear identity.

What is a sign of generativity in middle adulthood?
A) A person spends their time reflecting on past regrets
B) A person isolates themselves from family and community
C) A person mentors younger colleagues and contributes to their community
D) A person avoids thinking about their career and personal growth

Answer: C) A person mentors younger colleagues and contributes to their community.
✔ Generativity means giving back and feeling useful.

Which best illustrates a person successfully resolving the "Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt" stage?
A) A toddler insists on dressing themselves, even if they put their shoes on the wrong feet
B) A toddler clings to their parents and refuses to try new things
C) A toddler is afraid of making mistakes and avoids trying tasks independently
D) A toddler depends on their parents for everything and never expresses a desire to do things on their own

Answer: A) A toddler insists on dressing themselves, even if they put their shoes on the wrong feet.
✔ Autonomy means gaining independence.
✔ Making mistakes is part of the learning process.

A 2-year-old insists on picking out their own clothes and tries to feed themselves, even though they make a mess. However, their parents constantly interfere, criticizing them for making mistakes.
👉 Which stage is this, and what negative outcome might they develop?

Answer: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt → Fear of trying new things (self-doubt, low confidence)
✔ Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years) is about developing independence.
✔ If criticized too much, they may develop self-doubt and a fear of failure.

A 50-year-old has achieved success in their career but feels disconnected from their family and does not contribute to their community. They feel like they are just "going through the motions" in life.
👉 What stage is this, and what is the negative resolution?

Answer: Generativity vs. Stagnation → Stagnation (lack of purpose, boredom, dissatisfaction)
✔ Stagnation happens when someone feels unfulfilled and disconnected from society.

A 16-year-old is exploring different political beliefs, trying out various hobbies, and changing their career interests often.
👉 What stage is this, and does it indicate a positive or negative outcome?

Answer: Identity vs. Role Confusion → Neutral (exploration is normal at this stage)
✔ Exploration is normal in adolescence and doesn't immediately mean role confusion

Which of the following best represents a successful resolution of "Integrity vs. Despair"?
A) An elderly person refuses to talk about their past, fearing they made too many mistakes.
B) An elderly person looks back on their life with pride and a sense of fulfillment.
C) An elderly person constantly compares themselves to others and feels they accomplished little.
D) An elderly person feels they have no purpose and withdraws from society.

Answer: B) An elderly person looks back on their life with pride and a sense of fulfillment.
✔ Integrity means accepting one's life journey without regret.

Which best illustrates a person struggling with the "Intimacy vs. Isolation" stage?
A) A young adult forms close, meaningful relationships and feels emotionally connected to others.
B) A young adult avoids deep relationships and struggles with emotional attachment.
C) A young adult focuses solely on their career and has no time for personal relationships but still feels happy.
D) A young adult gets married and has children, even though they don’t feel emotionally close to their partner.

Answer: B) A young adult avoids deep relationships and struggles with emotional attachment.
✔ Isolation happens when someone avoids emotional connections.

A child who successfully resolves the "Initiative vs. Guilt" stage will develop a sense of purpose.

Answer: True (T)
✔ If children develop initiative, they gain a sense of purpose.

People who fail to develop a strong sense of identity in adolescence may struggle with intimacy in early adulthood.

Answer: True (T)
✔Identity confusion can lead to trouble forming deep relationships in adulthood.

In Erikson's theory, the "Industry vs. Inferiority" stage occurs during early adulthood.

Answer: False (F)
✔ Industry vs. Inferiority happens in middle childhood (6-12 years), not adulthood.

A child refuses to take a toy from a store because they fear getting caught and punished.
👉 Which stage of moral development is this?

Answer: Stage 1 (Obedience and Punishment Orientation)
✔Stage 1 focuses on avoiding punishment rather than understanding right from wrong.

A teenager obeys school rules because they want to be seen as a good student by their teachers and peers.
👉 Which stage of moral development is this?

Answer: Stage 3 (Good Interpersonal Relationships / "Good Boy/Good Girl" Orientation)
✔ Stage 3 is about seeking social approval and wanting to be seen as "good."

A person protests against an unfair law because they believe in fundamental human rights, even if they face imprisonment.
👉 Which stage of moral development is this?

Answer: Stage 6 (Morality of Universal Ethical Principles)
✔Stage 6 is guided by internalized moral principles that may go against laws.

A worker follows company policies strictly because they believe rules are necessary for a well-functioning workplace, even if they disagree with some policies.
👉 Which stage of moral development is this?

Answer: Stage 4 (Law and Order Orientation / Maintaining Social Order)
✔Stage 4 is about upholding laws and order even when it conflicts with personal views.

Which of the following best describes Stage 2 (Instrumental-Relativist Orientation)?
A) Doing the right thing to avoid punishment
B) Doing something good because it will be rewarded or reciprocated
C) Following rules because laws should always be obeyed
D) Doing something based on one’s personal ethical principles

Answer: B) Doing something good because it will be rewarded or reciprocated
✔Stage 2 is about self-interest and reciprocity ("I do this for you, so you’ll do something for me").

Which of the following is true about the Postconventional level of morality?
A) It focuses only on avoiding punishment.
B) It is based on abstract ethical principles rather than social rules.
C) It is the most common level in society.
D) It focuses entirely on personal rewards.

Answer: B) It is based on abstract ethical principles rather than social rules.
✔Postconventional morality is based on ethics, justice, and principles, not just laws.

T/F
According to Kohlberg, most adults function at the Postconventional level of moral development.

Answer: False (F)
✔Most adults stay at Stage 4 (Law & Order) or Stage 3 (Good Boy/Good Girl), not Postconventional morality.

T/F
A person at the Conventional level of morality values societal approval and maintaining law and order.

Answer: True (T)
✔Conventional morality is about fitting into society and following rules to maintain order.

T/F
In Kohlberg’s theory, people cannot regress to a lower stage once they have reached a higher one.

Answer: False (F)
✔People can sometimes revert to lower stages depending on circumstances (e.g., fear or self-interest).

A young child says that hitting is bad because their parents will punish them if they do it.
👉 Which stage of moral development is this?

Answer: Stage 1 (Obedience and Punishment Orientation)
✔This stage is all about avoiding punishment rather than understanding morality.

A student helps a classmate with homework because they know that, in return, the classmate will help them later.
👉 Which stage of moral development is this?

Answer: Stage 2 (Instrumental-Relativist / Individualism and Exchange)
✔This stage focuses on self-interest and reciprocity—doing good to get something in return.

A citizen strictly follows traffic laws, believing that rules are necessary for keeping order in society.
👉 Which stage of moral development is this?

Answer: Stage 4 (Law and Order Orientation / Maintaining Social Order)
✔This stage values laws as essential for societal stability, even if personal interests are

A doctor risks their job by giving free treatment to patients who can’t afford it, believing that saving lives is more important than following hospital policies.
👉 Which stage of moral development is this?

Answer: Stage 6 (Universal Ethical Principles)
✔This stage follows self-chosen moral principles, even if they conflict with rules or laws.

Which of the following best describes Stage 3 (Good Interpersonal Relationships)?
A) Following rules only to avoid punishment
B) Doing good to gain social approval and maintain relationships
C) Viewing laws as flexible agreements for society’s benefit
D) Acting based on universal ethical principles, regardless of laws

Answer: B) Doing good to gain social approval and maintain relationships
✔Stage 3 is about wanting to be seen as a "good" person in society.

Which stage focuses on maintaining laws and upholding order in society, even if it goes against personal interests?
A) Stage 2 – Instrumental-Relativist
B) Stage 3 – Good Interpersonal Relationships
C) Stage 4 – Law and Order
D) Stage 5 – Social Contract

Answer: C) Stage 4 – Law and Order
✔This stage prioritizes rules and laws for stability, regardless of personal views.

In the Preconventional level, morality is based on avoiding punishment and seeking personal rewards.

Answer: True (T)
✔Preconventional morality is self-focused—either avoiding punishment or getting rewards.

Stage 5 (Social Contract) views laws as absolute and unchangeable.

Answer: False (F)
✔Stage 5 sees laws as flexible and changeable if they don’t serve justice.

According to Kohlberg, not everyone reaches the Postconventional level of moral development.

Answer: True (T)
✔Many people remain at the Conventional level, never reaching the highest moral reasoning stages.

A child is influenced by their parents' discipline style, their teacher’s encouragement, and their friend group at school.
👉 Which environmental system is this?

Answer: Microsystem
✔These are direct interactions in the child's immediate environment.

A teenager’s school experience is affected by their parents' relationship with their teachers.
👉 Which environmental system does this describe?

Answer: Mesosystem
✔This involves the interaction between different microsystems (home & school).

A child's development is indirectly affected when their parent loses a job, leading to financial stress at home.
👉 Which environmental system does this fall under?

Answer: Exosystem
✔ The child doesn’t directly experience the workplace but is impacted by its effects.

A country enforces a strict education system that emphasizes discipline and standardized testing, shaping how students learn and develop.
👉 Which environmental system is influencing this?

Answer: Macrosystem
✔This involves societal values, laws, and cultural influences.

A person’s life is shaped by events like a family divorce during childhood or the COVID-19 pandemic affecting their education.
👉 Which environmental system does this represent?

Answer: Chronosystem
✔This system accounts for how development is shaped by time and life events.

Which system directly involves the individual and has the strongest impact on development?
A) Exosystem
B) Microsystem
C) Macrosystem
D) Chronosystem

Answer: B) Microsystem
✔The microsystem includes family, school, and close relationships.

Which system consists of connections between two or more microsystems?
A) Chronosystem
B) Exosystem
C) Mesosystem
D) Macrosystem

Answer: C) Mesosystem
✔ The mesosystem focuses on how different microsystems interact, like family-school relationships.

A child's growth is affected by their family's cultural beliefs and social expectations. This falls under:
A) Microsystem
B) Macrosystem
C) Exosystem
D) Mesosystem

Answer: B) Macrosystem
✔Cultural values, traditions, and societal expectations influence development.

(T/F)
The exosystem affects an individual directly through face-to-face interaction.

Answer: False (F)
✔The exosystem influences indirectly (e.g., parents' work affecting home life).

(T/F)
The mesosystem is concerned with the relationship between different microsystems.

Answer: True (T)
✔ It focuses on interactions between family, school, and peers.

(T/F)
The chronosystem recognizes that development is influenced by time and life transitions.

Answer: True (T)
✔This system accounts for how changes over time shape development.

A child’s language development is influenced by their parents speaking multiple languages at home. At the same time, their preschool teacher primarily uses one language for instruction, leading to confusion.
👉 Which environmental system is involved in this interaction?

Answer: Mesosystem
🔍 Why? The mesosystem refers to the interaction between different microsystems, such as the home and school environments. Since the issue arises from how these two settings interact, it's mesosystem rather than just microsystem.

A mother takes on extra shifts at work due to economic hardship, resulting in less time spent with her child. The child starts displaying behavioral problems at school.
👉 Which environmental system is at play here?

Answer: Exosystem
🔍 Why? The exosystem refers to environments that indirectly affect the individual. The mother’s work schedule affects the child even though the child is not directly involved in the work setting. The chronosystem deals with time-related changes, which is not the main factor here.

A country's shift in educational policies mandates an increased focus on digital learning, affecting how children are taught. Over time, this change impacts their cognitive and social development.
👉 Which environmental system best explains this influence?

Answer: Macrosystem
✔This is a broad societal change influencing individual development.

A young adult, who grew up in a culture that values independence, struggles with adapting to a collectivist work environment abroad.
👉 Which environmental system is influencing this developmental challenge?

Answer: Macrosystem
✔Cultural values and societal norms fall under the macrosystem.

A child’s self-esteem is shaped by the relationship between their parents’ expectations at home and their teacher’s feedback at school.
👉 Which environmental system is responsible for this interaction?

Answer: Mesosystem
✔The mesosystem includes interactions between different microsystems, like family and school.

Which of the following is the best example of an exosystem influence?
A) A child being disciplined by their parents at home.
B) A father’s promotion at work leading to the family relocating to a new city.
C) A teacher using a new teaching method in class.
D) A child choosing friends with similar interests.

Answer: B) A father’s promotion at work leading to the family relocating to a new city.
✔The child is affected by the parent's work situation, even though they are not directly involved in it.

Which system is most responsible for the long-term impact of major historical events, such as a war or a global pandemic, on an individual’s psychological development?
A) Microsystem
B) Chronosystem
C) Exosystem
D) Macrosystem

Answer: B) Chronosystem
✔The chronosystem includes life transitions and historical events affecting development over