Metacognition Questions EXAM1

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the body and its parts.

Physiology

The study of the functions of the body and its parts.

Two branches of anatomy

Gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy.

Histology

The study of tissues at the microscopic level.

Cytology

The study of cells.

Gross anatomy

The study of structures visible to the naked eye.

Regional anatomy

The study of specific regions of the body.

Systemic anatomy

The study of specific organ systems.

Surface anatomy

The study of external features of the body.

Developmental anatomy

The study of the changes in the body throughout life.

Embryology

The study of the development of embryos.

Pathological anatomy

The study of structural changes caused by disease.

Radiographic anatomy

The study of body structures using imaging techniques.

Functional morphology

The exploration of the relationship between structure and function.

Hierarchy of structural organization

Atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism.

Atoms

The basic units of matter.

Atoms combine to form

Molecules.

Four classes of macromolecules

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids; they are the building blocks for cells and tissues.

Cells

The basic structural and functional units of life.

Number of cells in the human body

Approximately 37 trillion.

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform a specific function.

Four tissue types

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

Epithelial tissue

Covers body surfaces and lines cavities; connective tissue:supports and binds other tissues; muscle tissue:enables movement; nervous tissue:transmits signals.

Organs

Structures composed of two or more tissue types that perform specific functions.

Twelve organ systems

Integumentary (skin), skeletal (bones), muscular (muscles), nervous (nerves), endocrine (hormones), cardiovascular (heart and blood vessels), lymphatic (immune system), respiratory (lungs), digestive (food processing), urinary (waste removal), reproductive (offspring production), and integumentary (skin).

Basic unit of length in the metric system

Meter.

Basic unit of weight in the metric system

Gram.

Basic unit of volume in the metric system

Liter.

Anatomists use reference terms

To provide clear and consistent descriptions of body parts and their locations.

Anatomical position

A standard position of the body used as a reference point.

Example of superior

The head is superior to the neck.

Example of inferior

The stomach is inferior to the heart.

Example of anterior

The chest is anterior to the back.

Example of posterior

The spine is posterior to the stomach.

Example of medial

The heart is medial to the lungs.

Example of lateral

The arms are lateral to the torso.

Example of intermediate

The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder.

Example of proximal

The elbow is proximal to the wrist.

Example of distal

The fingers are distal to the wrist.

Example of superficial

The skin is superficial to the muscles.

Example of deep

The lungs are deep to the ribcage.

Axial region

The central part of the body, including the head, neck, and trunk.

Appendicular region

The limbs and their attachments to the body.

Nine abdominopelvic regions

Right hypochondriac, left hypochondriac, epigastric, right lumbar, left lumbar, umbilical, right iliac, left iliac, hypogastric.

Dorsal cavity

Cranial cavity and vertebral cavity.

Ventral cavity

Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity.

Abdominopelvic cavity

Contains the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.

Visceral organs

Organs located within the body cavities.

Thoracic cavity

Contains the pleural cavities and mediastinum.

Serosa

A double-layered membrane that lines body cavities and covers organs.

Fluid between serosa membranes

Serous fluid; it allows movement and reduces friction, preventing infection.

Coronal plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Transverse plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

Diagonal cut

Oblique cut.

Three types of microscopy

Light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Difference between light microscopy and TEM

Light microscopy uses light to view samples, while TEM uses electron beams for higher resolution

Which uses a heavy metal salt stain and produces a 3D image?