unit 4 - skeletal system

cranium

axial

mandible

axial

magnum foramen

axial

vertebral column

axial

sternum

axial

ribs

axial

costal cartilage

axial

sacrum

axial

coccyx

axial

scapula

appendicular

clavicle

appendicular

humerus

appendicular

radius

appendicular

ulna

appendicular

hands & fingers

appendicular

pelvis

appendicular

femur

appendicular

tibia

appendicular

fibula

appendicular

foot & toes

appendicular

compound fracture

ends of bones protruding through skin

simple fracture

bone splinters/fragments between two main fragments, due to compression

greenstick fracture

partial fracture, one side breaks & other bends

occurs in children (bones are fully ossified)

spiral fracture

bone breaks in half by a twisting force or impact

transverse fracture

breaks straight across bone

stress fracture

thin crack, also “hairline fracture”

fibrous joints

immovable

found in sutures of cranium

cartilaginous joint

semi-movable

found in vertebral disc

synovial joint

fully moveable

found in knee & elbow

SYNOVIAL - hinge

angular, open-closing motion

found in: elbow & knee

SYNOVIAL - pivot

“peg in hole”, rotation on central axis

found in: atlantoaxial joint (allows head to move side to side)

SYNOVIAL - planar

2 surfaces glide against each other; side to side and back and fourth

found in: carpals & tarsals

SYNOVIAL - ball & socket

ball-like surface of one bone fits into the cup like depression of another bone

found in: shoulder & hip

JOINT INJURY - sprain

twisting/wrenching of joint

may damage blood vessels, muscles, tendons, nerves

swelling, pain, bruising

JOINT INJURY- dislocation

displacement of bone from joint

JOINT INJURY - avulsion

skin layers torn off to reveal muscles & tendons

JOINT INJURY - subluxation

partial dislocation

BONE MARROW - yellow

found in: shaft of long bone

purpose: produce cartilage, fat, bone

BONE MARROW - red

found in: flat bones

purpose: contains cells that create red, white blood cells and platelets

male spread of pelvis

more vertical & less flared

female spread of pelvis

more flared & oval

male shape or obturator foramen

larger & rounder

female shape of obturator foramen

smaller & triangular

male angle across pubic symphysis

less than 90 degrees & acute angle

female angle across pubic symphysis

greater than 90 degrees & obtuse angle

male inner diameter of pelvic inlet

smaller

female inner diameter of pelvic inlet

larger (room for baby head)