APUSH Unit 2

Period 3

French and Indian War

military conflict for colonial supremecy in NAm; led to increased tensions btw Britian and the colonies.

Salutary Neglect

allowing the colonies to “figure it out” and have basic autonomy/self government, as long as they economically support the parent country and they do not attempt to become independent (treason)

Albany Congress

1754; promoted colonial unity, NOT independence. → fear over a coming war (Fr-In War). Not all colonies were invited.

Jesuits

Catholic French missionaries & mappers

Coureurs en bois

French fur traders known for treating the natives better than most other Europeans

Hurons

French native allies

Iroquois

British native allies

Jaques Cartier

first French explorer of NAm; explored the St. Lawrence River

Samuel de Chaplain

Frenchmen who founded Quebec, the first permanent NAm French colony, in 1608

George Washington

22 yr old Virginian military captain in the colonies. Founded Ft. Necessity. Led his troups straight into a French massacre in May 1754. Gained military experience during the French/Indian War that led him to become the most significant military leader of the revolution. first president; created the first presidential cabinet and believed the US should stay neutral in all foreign affairs

1^st Treaty of Paris

ended the French/Indian War in 1763. Gave G.B. all land east of the Mississippi, including The ORV & Quebec, and gave France Louisiana and allowed them to keep their Carribean territories

Poniac’s Rebellion

Native leader fought back against the British occupation of the ORV; claimed 8 Brit. forts & destroyed 2. ended when British officials gave blankets as a supposed peace offering, when in reality the blankets were infected with smallpox

Proclamation of 1763

British parliamentary law banning the colonization of the ORV to avoid conflict with the natives. unenforceable due to British leaders being far away. led to increased tensions between GB and the colonists due to marking the end of colonial salutary neglect

Writs of Assistance

allowed British officials to search the businesses (homes) of smugglers in the colonies; disproportionately affected merchants in Massachusetts/Boston

Sugar Act

enacted by PM Greenville in 1764. Halved the tax on foreign molasses, placed taxes on certain imports, and allowed courts to put smugglers on trial

George Greenville

Prime Minister named by King George III. Convinced Parliament to enact the Sugar Act

Stamp Act

passed by Parliament in 1765. Aimed at raising colonial revenue by introducing a broad tax that affected all legal documents and licenses, as well as all goods produced within the colonies

Mercantilism

the idea that colonies only exist to financially benefit the mother country

Whigs

parliament members who openly spoke against the possiblility of the king having absolute power

Navigation Law of 1650

colonies can only trade with GB; not enforced until the end of salutary neglect in 1763

John Hancock

merchant who made his fortune through smuggling. member of the SoL and signed the declaration

Stamp Act Congress

meeting of 27 delegates from 9 colonies. largely ignored by england. stepping stone to unity. produced a series of 13 complaints and grievances against the stamp act

Sons of Liberty

radical anti-british group. resorted to violent methods of rebellion (tar n feather). public actions, but members identities were private. orchestrated the tea party

Townshend Acts

places taxes on glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea

Boston Massacre

angry colonists dispersed into the streets after a meeting and began to yell at the redcoats and throw snowballs and rocks. redcoats misheard their commander and fired into the crowd

Commitee of Correspondence

radical but non-violent. warned neighboring colonies of incidents with the british

Tea Act

created a monopoly on tea by the British East India Co. Colonists refuted it as they believed it would lead to more taxes

Boston Tea Party

SoL members dressed as natives and dumped tea into the harbor. violent act of rebellion (property damage), but no one was harmed

Intolerable Acts

The colonial name for the Boston Port Act, Quebec Act, and New Quartering Act

First Continental Congress

meeting of 55 colonial delegates including John Adams. discussed how to respond to the Intolerable Acts. Produced the Declaration of Rights and a boycott on all British goods

Lexington and Concord

“shot heard ‘round the world.” first official miltary conflict between the colonies and redcoats. not 100% focued on independence

Second Continental Congress

produced the Declaration and the Olive Branch Petition.

Olive Branch Petition

asked for a peaceful resolution to the fighting; wanted representation and negotiation. rejected by the British alongside a British threat of treason and execution

Common Sense

written by Thomas Paine in 1776. gave reasons why the colonists should become independent

Declaration of Independence

written by Thomas Jefferson and signed by delegates from all 13 colonies. Main message - we all agree to be independent, and the king isn’t treating us fairly.

Battle of Saratoga

Military turning point. Colonists win. Proved to France that the colonists had a chance; France officially recognizes the US as a country and provides military aid

Battle of Yorktown

Last significant military battle. Colonies win with French aid (Fr. navy engaged with the Royal navy, preventing the redcoats from receiving naval support)

Articles of Confederation

governing document before the constitution. limited by design. saw each state as its own political unit. proved to France that the US had plans for a government

Northwest Ordinance

Sold the northwest territory (Quebec) in order to help pay off revolutionary debts. only major decree passed under the AoC

Shay’s Rebellion

Farmers in western Massachusetts revolt against their farms being taken away after the Revolution (the farmers hadn’t paid their mortgages because they had been serving in the war). Defeated quickly, but sparked fear among the elites about mob revolts

Marquis de Lafayette

French aristocrat. young, wealthy, and educated. helped the colonies because he believed that if the colonies could rebel, so could others

2nd Treaty of Paris

ended the Revolution. signed by Great Britain, the US, France, and Spain. gave the US all land east of the Mississippi alongside their independence

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that the colonists were British, and were therefore represented in parliament because parliament represents all Englishmen

First Presidential Cabinet

comprised of Thomas Jefferson (Secretary of State), Alexander Hamilton (Secretary of the Treasury), and Henry Knox (Secretary of War)

Alexander Hamilton

Revolutionary leader and first secretary of the Treasury. Created the national bank and wrote the statement of neutrality and Washington’s farewell address

Thomas Jefferson

first secretary of State and third president of the US. Very pro France - spent many years there as an ambassador and wanted the US to support the French people during the French Revolution. Anti national bank

Whiskey Rebellion

Pennsylvanian farmers revolted against the tax on alcoholic products. Washington led 13k men to stop the rebellion but arrived to no resistance because the rebels got scared. “Killed a gnat with a sledgehammer.”

National Bank

national treasury. absorbed all revolutionary debts from the states - bad in the moment, but beneficial in the long run. major point of content between Hamilton and Jefferson

Ambassador Genet

French ambassador in the US trying to gain American aid and support in the French Revolution. Wanted to convince the American people to come fight for France, but was shut down by Washington

Statement of Neutrality

officially declared the US neutral in the French Revolution. written by Hamilton, but should’ve probably been written by Jefferson since it was a diplomatic affair.

Farewell Address

Washington’s announcement (but written by Hamilton) that he would not run for a third term. asked for foreign neutrality and no political parties in the government

Alien Act

the president has the authority to round up, detain, & deport any foreign immigrants during a period of declared war, hostile action, or predatory incursions with said countrt

Sedition Act

allowed the jailing and prosecution of newspaper editors if they published “scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government” by a fine of up to $2000 and up to 2 years in prision