CHM 104 Unit 3 Study Guide

activation energy

amount of energy needed to break bonds to allow new bonds to form

exothermic reaction

A reaction that releases energy in the form of heat

endothermic reaction

A reaction in which energy is absorbed

fat calorie content

9 calories per gram

protein calorie content

4 calories per gram

carb calorie content

4 calories per gram

Adding the proper catalyst will...

speed up reaction rate

Decreasing temperature will...

slow down reaction rate

Decreasing volume will...

speed up reaction rate

Increasing pressure will...

speed up reaction rate

enzyme

a molecule which improves conditions for a reaction

synthesis

A + B -> AB

decomposition

AB -> A + B

exchange reaction

A + BC -> AB + C

double exchange reaction

AB + CD -> AD + BC

reaction which gains oxygen

oxidation

reaction which loses hydrogen

oxidation

reaction which loses electrons

oxidation

reaction which becomes more positive

oxidation

reaction which loses oxygen

reduction

reaction which gains hydrogen

reduction

reaction which gains electrons

reduction

reaction which becomes more negative

reduction

monosaccharide

a single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose

glucose, fructose, galactose

monosaccharides

"simple sugar"

monosaccharide

disaccharide

2 monosaccharides bonded together

sucrose, lactose, maltose

disaccharides

oligosaccharide

composed of 3-10 monosaccharides bonded together

polysaccharide

long chain of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides

starch, cellulose, glycogen

polysaccharides

pentose

a monosaccharide with 5 carbons

What is the most abundant monosaccharide in nature?

glucose

D-glucose

chiral carbon

a carbon atom that is bonded to four different atoms or groups

D- carbohydrate configuration

OH- on the last chiral carbon is on the right

L- carbohydrate configuration

OH- on the last chiral carbon is on the left

alpha monosaccharide

aldehyde and the OH- on the last chiral carbon are in opposite configurations

beta monosaccharide

aldehyde and the OH- on the last chiral carbon are in the same configuration

amylose

makes up ~20% of starch; glucose storage in plant cells

amylopectin

makes up ~80% of starch; glucose storage in plant cells

glycogen

energy storage in animals

cellulose

plant structure; not digestible by humans, but does assist in small and large intestines

chitin

insects' and crustaceans' exoskeletons

How many amino acids are found in the human body?

20

How many essential amino acids are there?

10

essential amino acid

an amino acid that the body cannot make and must obtain from food

amide

non-polar amino acid

side chain is exclusively H & C

polar amino acid

uneven distribution of electrons

polar basic amino acid

uneven distribution of electrons; more negative

polar acidic amino acid

uneven distribution of electrons; more positive

primary amino acid structure

a sequence of amino acids

secondary amino acid structure

alpha helix or beta pleated

tertiary amino acid structure

interactions of side chains

quarternary amino acid structure

polypeptide chains reacting with each other

enantiomer

isomers that are mirror images of each other