Exam 3

biology

Chemical, hormones, bloodstream, target

Endocrine glands produce “_____ __messengers” called__ __________ __that are transported by the__ _____________. Cell that respond to a hormone are called__ __________.

pituitary, gonads-ovaries or testes

FSH is produced in the __________. What is the target tissue for FSH?

PRL (prolactin)

Which hormone stimulates milk production during pregnancy?

adrenalin-adrenal gland

Epinephrine is commonly known as _____ __& is produced in the__ _______.

metabolism - thyroxine - thyroid gland

How your body uses the fuel (food) you take in is known as ------- __& is produced in the -------.__

PTH (parathyroid hormone) - calcium levels in the blood

Parathyroids produce -------- and it affects -------.

insulin & glucogen - glucose levels (blood sugar)

The pancreas has tissue that produces --------- & ---------; those are hormones that affect ------ levels.

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) - pituitary

\-------- is a hormone produced by the -------- that affects how kidneys conserve water.

ovaries

Estrogen and progesterone are produced by the ---------.

asexual

\------- reproduction involves one individual and gives rise to offspring which are genetically identical to the parent.

uterus

The ------ is the muscular organ in which a mammalian fetus completes development.

prostate gland - seminal vesicles - bulbourethral gland

Name the 3 accessory glands of the male which add secretions to the sperm.

spermatogenesis - seminiferous tubules

In the testes, sperm production or ------- occurs in the ------ of the testes.

tubal ligation - vasectomy

The procedure which sterilizes the female by removing a portion of the fallopian tubes is called a -----. In a male, sterilization is called a ---------.

follicles

The ovary has ------- which divide to form the egg.

budding (asexual)

\------- is a type of (asexual, sexual) reproduction in which part of the parent’s body divides and develops into a new individual.

urethra

In males, the tube which conducts urine or semen out of the body is the --------.

fallopian - uterus

The egg travels through a ------- tube towards the ----- where it will implant and develop into an embryo if fertilized.

epididymis

The coiled tube beside the testis which stores the sperm as they mature is the -----------.

gametes - haploid

Egg and sperm are collectively called ------ and are (haploid, diploid).

cervix - endometrium

The lower portion of “neck” of the uterus is the ------. The lining of the uterus is called the ---------.

hormones

What other form of cellular communication is there besides neurons?

medulla oblongata

Vital functions such as heart rate and breathing are controlled by the -------.

cerebrum - hemispheres

The part of the brain used to “think” and that is where intellect, memory are located is the ----------. It is made up of 2 halves called ------.

neurotransmitters - ACh - epinephrine - dopamine

Special chemicals which relay a nerve impulse across a synapse are called ------. Name two examples

synapse (or synaptic cleft)

What do you call the gap between a neuron and the next celll?

hypothalamus - central nervous system

Which part of the brain control over the endocrine system? The brain and the spinal cord make up the ------------ also called “CNS”.

corpus callosum

The two cerebral hemispheres are connected by the -------.

cerebellum - thalamus

The part of the brain which controls balance and muscle coordination is the ------. Which part of the brain receives sensory information and directs it to the appropriate part of the cerebrum?

stimulus

Any change in the body’s internal or external environment, or any energy that can be detected by an animal is called a --------.

peripheral nervous system - autonomic

PNS stands for ---------- and the nerves that determine whether the body is in “rest and digest” or “fight of flight” mode is the ------- nervous system/

membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

What are meninges?

Schwann - glial cells (or neuroglia)

Cells that insulate the neuron’s cell process are called ------ cells; they are a type of supportive cell in nerve tissue generally know as -----.

sensory

\------- neurons transmit impulses towards the central nervous system.

motor

\------- neurons transmit impulses to muscles and glands

interneurons - CNS

Which type of neurons mainly communicate with other neurons? Where in the nervous system are they concentrated?

sodium (NA+) nerve impulse or action potential

Depolarization occurs when ----- ions flood (into, out of) the neuron and it triggers what is known as -------.

axon - dendrites

The cell process of a neuron which carries the nerve impulse AWAY from the cell body is the -------. Which processes send the impulse towards the cell body?

white

Which type of nerve tissue (gray, white) is myelinated nerve tissue?

chemoreceptors

\--------- are sensory neurons found in the nasal cavity and tongue.

photoreceptors - cones & rods - retina

Which type of receptors are found in the eye? What are the 2 types? The structure at the back of the eye where these neurons are found is the -------.

thermoreceptors

Changes in temperature are detected by -------.

taste - smell

Gustation is the sense of -------; Olfaction is the sense of ------.

sensory neuron

When we say “receptor” we are usually referring to what type of neuron?

chemoreceptors

Which receptors are stimulated by aromas?

osteocyte

What type of cell can be found in a lacuna in bone tissue?

vertebrae

The bony segments of the backbone are called --------.

hydrostatic skeleton

Which type of skeleton is found in worms and sea anemones?

Haversian canal

Blood vessels and nerves in bone tissue are found within the -------.

exoskeleton - must be shed (molted) in order for animal to grow

A skeleton which surrounds the soft body parts is known as an -------. What is a disadvantage of this type of skeleton.?

ligaments - tendons

Bones are connected to other bones by -------. Muscles are connected to bones by --------.

carpals

wrist bone

femur

thigh bone

cervical vertebrae

neck bones

cranium

skull

tarsals

ankle bones

pectoral

shoulder/forelimb

phalanges

finger or toe bones

tibia

shin

humerus

upper arm bone

scapula

shoulder blade

patella

knee cap

pelvic

hips/hindlimb

locomotion

The action of muscles pulling on the skeleton produces -------- which is active travel from place to place

sarcomere

The contracting unit of a striated muscle fiber is the --------.

actin & myosin

\----- and ------ are the primary proteins that make up filaments in muscle tissue

gastrocnemius

calf

deltoid

shoulder

trapezius

upper back

obliques

sides of abdomen

rectus abdominis

mid-abomen-

triceps brachii

back of upper arm-

gluteus

buttocks-

quadriceps

front of thigh-

pituitary

prolactin (PRL):

pituitary

PTH:

adrenal gland

epinephrine:

pituitary

FSH

pituitary

growth hormone (GH):

adrenal gland

cortisol:

pituitary

ADH

pituitary

TSH

thyroid

thyroxine:

ovaries

estrogen:

pancreas

insulin:

Electrical- nervous system (neurons) Chemical-endocrine system (hormones & glands)

Be able to discuss two types of cellular communication.

binary fission- bacteria, budding- yeast and hydra, fragmentation- sea star

Be able to name types of asexual reproduction and give examples.

asexual- 1 parent, genetically identical sexual- 2 parents, fertilization, sperm and egg (gametes), receive DNA from both parents

Be able to explain the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction

sensory neurons (PNS), interneurons (CNS), motor neurons (PNS)

Know the pathway of information flow through the three different types of neurons.

axial- brain and vertebrae, appendicular- limbs and hip bones

Be able to match a bone or muscle name with its common name and know whether it is part of the appendicular or axial skeleton.