Chapter 3 - Biological Science

The building blocks of proteins are called __________.

amino acids

Glycogen is _____.  

a polysaccharide found in animals        

What is another name for a condensation reaction?

dehydration

What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?

hydrolysis

Protein polymers are made up of ?

amino acid monomers

Nucleic acid polymers are made up of ?

nucleotide monomers

Carbohydrate polymers are made up of ?

simple sugar monomers

A specific stretch of DNA that codes for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is called a __________.

gene

The large diversity of biological molecules depends on atoms of the element __________.

carbon

A dehydration reaction is the process in which __________

water molecules are formed when polymers are synthesized from monomers

The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.    

hydrogen bonds        

what reaction builds polymers from monomers?

dehydration

what reaction breaks down polymers into monomers ?

hydrolysis

what is a polymer of amino acids ?

polypeptide

what is a building block of polysaccharides such as starch ?

monosaccharide

what is a polymer of monosaccharides ?

polysaccharide

what is a building block of polynucleotides such as DNA ?

nucleotide

what is a polymer of nucleotides ?

polynucleotide

Insulin is a protein hormone that regulates blood glucose levels and is a polymer of ?

amino acids

The nucleic acids DNA and RNA carry genetic information and are made up of many ?

nucleotides

L-dopa is used to treat _____

Parkinson's disease

Enantiomers are molecules that _____.

are mirror images

Globally, most human adults are lactose intolerant. People with lactose intolerance produce insufficient amounts of __________

the enzyme lactase

What is the main sugar used by cells for energy?

glucose

DNA is composed of building blocks called _____

nucleotides        

What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?    

peptide        

The secondary structure of a protein results from _____

hydrogen bonds        

Defensive proteins are manufactured by the _____ system

immune

The building blocks of nucleic acid molecules are called _________

nucleotides

The tertiary structure of a protein is the _____

 

unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide

Which of the following is a major difference between RNA and DNA?

 

type of sugar

What component of amino acid structure varies among different amino acids?

 

the components of the R group

what does carbon’s electron configuration determine?

the kinds and numbers of bonds that carbon will form

what are isomers?

molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures

what is a functional group?

a group of atoms directly involved in chemical reactions and determine how a molecule behaves chemically and biologically

what do The unique properties of an organic compound depend on?

1. its carbon skeleton and

2. the atoms attached to the skeleton

what are the 3 categories of macromolecules called?

1. carbohydrates

2. proteins

3. nucleic acids

what are molecules made by stringing together many smaller molecules is called?

polymers

what are the 4 major classes of organic compounds in cells ?

1. carbohydrates,

2. lipids,

3. proteins,

4. nucleic acids

what are carbohydrates ?

sugars and polymers of sugar

what are the two types of carbohydrates?

1. simple: monosaccharides, disaccharides

2. complex: polysaccharides

what are monosaccharides ?

the monomers of carbohydrates and cannot be broken down into smaller sugars.

whats a common example of a monosaccharide ?

glucose and fructose

All carbohydrates consist of one or more ______, also called simple sugars?

monosaccharide

Explain how glucose and fructose can have the same formula C6H12O6 but different properties.

Different arrangements of atoms affect molecular shapes and properties.

what is another name for a monomer?

building block

how is a disaccharide constructed?

two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

what are polysaccharides?

are complex carbohydrates and are made of long chains of sugars, polymers of monosaccharides.

what are some examples of polysaccharides?

starch, glycogen, and cellulose

what is the most abundant organic compound on Earth

cellulose?

what are lipids?

a diverse group of molecules made from different molecular building blocks

what do fats, or triglyceride, consist of?

a glycerol molecule joined with three fatty acid molecules via a dehydration reaction

what essential functions foes fat perform for the human body?

energy storage, cushioning, and insulation

If the carbon skeleton of a fatty acid has fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens at the double bond, it is ?

unsaturated

If the carbon skeleton of a fatty acid has the maximum number of hydrogens, it is ?

saturated

does animal fat tend to be saturated or unsaturated ?

saturated

does fish and plant fat tend to be saturated or unsaturated ?

unsaturated

what does hydrogenation do?

creates trans fats, adds hydrogen, converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats

what are proteins?

polymers of amino acid monomers

Which of the following is not made of protein: hair, muscle, cellulose, or enzymes?

Cellulose

what does a protein consist of?

one or more polypeptide chains folded into a specific three-dimensional conformation

what is a polypeptide?

long chains of amino acids

what does a protein’s function depend on?

its specific conformation

Nucleic acids are macromolecules that ?

store information and provide the instructions for building proteins.

what are the two types of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

what is RNA?

ribonucleic acid

what does RNA do, specifically mRNA?

carries genetic information to the protein-synthesizing machinery.

Nucleic acids are polymers made from monomers called?

nucleotides

A nucleic acid strand is a polymer of:

nucleotides

what are the four possible nitrogenous bases?

1. adenine (A)

2. guanine (G)

3. thymine (T)

4. cytosine (C)