Respiratory System (Ch 3)

Ventilation

Movement of air in and out of the lungs

Diffusion

Exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the lungs and the circulatory system

Mediastinal emphysema

Occurs when there has been disruption in the esophagus or airway and air is trapped in the mediastinum

Subcutaneous emphysema

When the pneumomediastinum is excessive, air may pass from the mediastinum into the subcutaneous tissue of the chest or neck

Endotracheal (ET) tube

Large plastic tube inserted through a pts nose or mouth into the trachea

Chest tube

Aka thoracotomy tube, flexible plastic tube inserted between the ribs and into the pleural space

Respiratory failure

Describes a lack of respiratory function or lack of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

Hypoxemia

Low oxygen levels within arterial blood and results from a failure of the gas exchange function

Hypercapnia

Failure of ventilation resulting in the inability to move air into and out of the lungs, with consequent increase blood CO2 content

Cystic fibrosis

Condition caused by mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene that leads to severe pulmonary manifestations

Respiratory distress syndrome

Disorder affecting premature infants or those born at less than a 37 week gestation resulting from insuffucuant production of surfactant

Pneumonia

Acute inflammation of lung parenchyma and is the most frequent type of lung infection, resulting in an inflammation of the lung and compromised pulmonary function

Pneumococcal (lobar) pneumonia

Most common bacterial pneumonia caused by streptococcus pneumonia

Legionella pneumonia

Severe bacterial pneumonia caused by legionella pneumonia that is spread through inhaling the bacteria from water or soil

Mycoplasma pneumonia

Type of community acquired atypical bacterial pneumonia, spread occurs by airborne droplets in close contract

Aspiration pneumonia

Caused by various viruses, most commonly influenza virus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus

Bronchiectasis

Irreversible, abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchi as a result of destruction of the elastic and muscular components of the bronchial wall

Tuberculosis

Infection caused by inhalation of mycoloacterium tuberculosis; primarily affects the lungs

Military tuberculosis

Uncontrolled infection of TB where lesions appear in the lung and extra pulmonary systems

Lung abscess

Localized area of dead lung tissue surrounded by inflammatory debris

Empyemas

Accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity, usually caused by some bacterial lung infection

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A group of common pulmonary diseases characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and chronic airway obstruction, most common forms are chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Emphysema

Condition in which the lungs alveoli become distended, usually from loss of elasticity or interference with expiration

Chronic obstructive bronchitis

Most often raised from long term, heavy cigarette smoking or prolonged exposure to high levels of industrial air pollution

Pneumoconioses

Broad group of lung diseases that result in pulmonary fibrosis from inhalation of foreign inorganic dust, most commonly from a work environment

Silicosis

Results from inhaling silica (quartz) dust and is common among miners, grinders, and sandblasters

Anthracosis

Results from inhalation of coal dust

Asbestosis

Results from inhalation of asbestos dust, which causes chronic injury to the lungs

Histoplasmosis

Systematic fungal infection caused by a dimorphic fungus, histoplasmosis capsulatum, which thrives in the soil

Progressive disseminated histoplasmos

When the immune system is not effective at controlling and overcoming the fungal infection, it may spread from the lungs to other parts of the body

Coccidioldomycosis

Systematic fungal infection, caused by a dimorphic fungus, which thrives in semiarid soil

Aspergillosis

Fungal infection caused by inhaling the mold aspergillus fumigatus, which is commonly found in soil, dust, building materials, plants, food, and water

Sinusitis

Communication with the nasal cavities that subjects the paranasal sinuses to infection and inflammation

Pleurisy

Inflammation of the pleura

Pleural effusion

Descries the abnormal collection of fluid within the pleural space

Exudates

A mass of cells, and fluid that has seeped out of blood vessels or an organ, especially in inflammation

Transudates

A filtrate of blood that accumulates in tissues outsides the blood vessels and causes edema

Hemothorax

A pleural effusion containing blood

Bronchial carcinoid tumors

Slow-growing neuroendocrine tumors found in the tracheobronchial tree

Lung cancer

The leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, with a very low 5 year survival rate (20%)

Early lesion of tuberculosis are most commonly seen in which region of the lung?

Apex

The “sail sign” in an infant is commonly associated with enlargement of the:

Thymus

What results from air passing from the mediastinum into the subcutaneous tissues of the chest or neck?

Subcutaneous emphysema

Lack of respiratory function or lack of proper oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange best describes:

Respiratory failure

Which is the most common type of bacterial pneumonia?

Staphylococcal pneumonia

A permanent, abnormal dilation of the bronchi following a bacterial infection is termed:

Bronchiectasis

The chronic inhalation of quartz dust results in:

Silicosis

The strongest risk factor in the development of lung carcinoma is:

Cigarette smoking

Symptoms unique to SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia versus other viral pneumonias include:

Anosmia, and ageusia