protein

protein functions

structural components, growth and maintenance, enzymes, and hormones

protein- blood functions

blood clotting, fluid and electrolyte balance, transportation, antibodies, and forming glucose

animal protein

contribution to 70% of protein intake, also high in saturated fats

plant protein

provides minerals and dietary fibers, no cholesterol, limited saturated fats, grains and soy

health and plant proteins

heart healthy, cancer fighting, better glucose control, source of fiber

RDA for protein

.8gm of protein/kg of healthy body weight

individuals with increased protein needs

pregnancy, periods of growth, burn/trauma patients, endurance/strength athletes

excess protein

cannot be stored as protein

ketogenic diet

high in fat and protein, low in carbohydrates

low carbohydrate intake

low blood glucose, body uses glycogen stores to maintain blood glucose, protein broken low, fat broken down

weight loss in high protein diets

initial weight loss due to water and glycogen stores, muscle loss, fat loss

high protein diet- side effects

low in plant food, high in saturated fat and cholesterol, excessive intake of red meat linked to colon cancer, bad breath, constipation, fatigue

lacto-ovo vegetarian

no meat, eats milk and eggs

vegetarian diet benefits

low risk of CVD and type 2 diabetes, low saturated fat, high fiber and antioxidants

incomplete protein

missing one or more of the essential amino acids

complementary protein

plant sources of protein when combined contain all essential amino acids, ex. beans and rice

vegan concerns

vitamin B12- found exclusively in animal products, vitamin D- found in milk and sunlight, calcium- high in milk products

protein energy malnutrition (PEM)

low energy intake, low quality protein foods, can affect people of all ages, most devastating affects found in children

marasmus

form of PEM that results from inadequate intake of calories and protein and results in extreme tissue wasting and stunted growth

kwashiorkor

form of PEM due to low or no protein intake, individual is usually surviving on carbohydrate type food only (watered down rice)

PEM side effects

stunted brain development, muscle wasting, decreased growth rate and digestive enzyme production, edema, decreased antibody production

PEM treatment

IV fluids, electrolyte replacement, low fat and high carb and protein foods, introduce fat later

protein supplements

often takes by athletes to build muscle, less digestible, more expensive, risk of toxicity, risk of amino acid deficiency

allergies

immune response to a foreign protein (allergen)

intolerance

inability to digest a certain food component

food sensitivity

a mild reaction to a substance in a food

anaphylactic shock

a severe allergic response that can be fatal

food allergy theories

not introducing common food allergens after 6 months, hygiene hypothesis