Midterm Study Guide : BSC 1011L-011: Biodiversity Lab

What is the formula for total magnification?

Total Magnification = Ocular (eyepiece) X objective lens. 10x Ocular X 40x Objective = 400x Total Magnification

Where is the Ocular lens? 

The ocular lense is the one closest to the viewers eye.

Where is the objective lens?

The objective lens is the one closest to the object being viewed.

What is the oil immersion lens?

When you put a drop of immersion oil is placed onto the slide.

What is an oil immersion lens used for?

Used for high revolution viewing of bacteria

Why is an oil immersion lens used?

It is used to minimize light refraction and increase image clarity.

What are the features of a Compound Microscope?

A high magnification, thin specimens, transmitted light

What are the features of a Dissecting Microscope?

Lower magnification, 3D view of larger specimens, reflected light

What are the key parts of a microscope?

Ocular lens, stange objective lenses, coarse/fine focus, etc

Label all of the parts of a microscope.

1. Body Tube

2. Revolving Nosepiece

3. Low Power Objective

4. Medium Power Objective

5. High Power Objective

6. Stage Clips

7. Diaphragm

8. Light Source

9. Ocular Lens

10. Arm

11. Stage

12. Coarse Adjustment Knob

13. Fine Adjustment Knob

14. Base

What is the classification for slime molds and water molds?

Slime molds are eukaryotic, fugus-like protists traditionally grouped under Myxogastrida (plasmodial slime molds)

Are slime molds and water molds true fungi?

They are not true fungi, but they share some similarities in their lifecycle

What is the structure and life cycle of slime molds and water molds?

They exist as free-living, amoeboid cells that can form large multinucleate masses called plasmoida. Under adverse conditions, they produce spores for reproduction.

What are some examples of slime/water molds?

Physarum is a well studied slime mold. Used in lab for visible movement and spore production

What are some examples of cyanobactertia?

Anabaena and Oscillatoria

What is cyanobacteria?

Blue-Green Algae

What is the structure of cyanobacteria?

Prokaryotic, filamentous organisms without membrane-bound organelles

What are the functions of cyanobacteria?

They perform photosynthesis like plants but lack chloroplasts, pigments are in thylakoid membranes. Some have heterocysts for nitrogen fixation

What does it mean for bacteria to be gram-positive?

They have thick peptidoglycan cell walls, which retain violet dye

What color does gram-positive bacteria look?

blue/purple

What does it mean for bacteria to be gram-negative?

They have thin walls and an outer membrane; they lose the crystal violet and take up safranin.

What color does gram-negative bacteria look?

Pink/red

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

1. Bacillus: Rod-shaped

2. Coccus: Spherical

3. Spirillum: Spiral

Why does gram reaction matter?

Gram reaction affects antibiotic susceptibility

What does the Zone of Inhibition show?

The clear area (ZoI) around an antibiotic disk shows how effectively the drug ihibits bacterial growth.

What do the results for the zone of inhibition show>

Larger zones = Greater sensitivity, Small/No zones = Resi

Define resistance:

When bacterium can grow despite an antibioti

How are megaspores and microspores produced?

In seed plants, “mother cells” go through meiosis to produce microspores (male) or megaspores *female)

How does fertilization in pines work?

Male gametophytes (pollen) deliver sperm to the ovule through pollen tubes instead of free-swimming sperm

What did the switch from swimming sperm to pollen tubes allow?

Allowed for fertilization without water

What are some features of angiosperms?

They produce flowers and enclose seeds in fruits

What are some features of gymnosperm?

They lack flowers andf fruits, and their seeds are exposed on cone scales

What is another way for gymnosperms?

Naked Seeds

What are two types of green algae?

Spirogyra, Ulva

What are the characteristics of Spirogyra?.

It is filamentous green algae with spiral chloroplasts; reproduced sexually via conjugation

What are the characteristics of Ulva?

Multicellular green alga in Phylum Chlorophyta

What is another name for Ulva?

Sea lettuce

Define Euglenoids (Euglena)

They possess both plant-like and animal-like traits, move by flagella, they can photosynthesize or feed heterotrophically

Define dinoflagellates.

Two flagella, some cause red tide

Define Diatioms

Glass like silica shells, major component of phytoplankton

Define Apicomplexans

Non-motile parasites, complex life cycles, cause malaria

What is another name for apicomplexans?

Plasmodiuk

Foraminifera and Radiolaria

Amoeboid protists with shells; move using pseudopods

What are lichens?

They are symbiotic associations between a fungus (mycobiont) and a photosynthetic partner (alga or cyanobacteria)

WHat are the types of lichens?

1. Foliose: Leaf-like and loosely attached

2. Crustose: Crust-like and tightly attached

3. Fruticose: Shrub-like and branched

What is the importance of lichens?

They are bioindicators of air quality

Describe basidiomycota

Produces spores on a club shaped basidia; fruiting body = basidiocarp (mushroom)

What is another name for basidiomycota?

Club Fungi

Describe Zygomycota.

Bread molds; produce sporangia on tips of hyphae

Describe Ascomycota

Produce spores in sac-like asci. Includes yeasts, molds, and morels

What is another name for Ascomycota

Sac fungi

Describe Deuteromycota

Traditional category for fungi without observed sexual stages

What is another name for Deuteromycota

Imperfect fungi

Describe ferns

Sporophyte is dominant; produces sori (clusters of sporangia) on leaf undersides; rhizomes act as underground stems

Describe Sphenophytes

Jointed stems with silica deposits; sporophyte domintant

What is another name for sphenophytes?

Horsetails

Whisk ferns

Simple vascular plants with no true leaves or roots

What are the types of seedless vascular plants

Ferns, sphenophytes, and whisk ferns

What is another name for seedless vascular plants?

Ferns and allies

Types of Bryophytes and nonvascular plants

Anthocerophyta, Bryophyta, Hepatophyta

Describe anthocerophyta.

Nonvascular plants with horn-like sporophytes

What is another name for Anthrocerophyta?

Hornworts

Describe Bryophyta

Gametophyte is dominant; sporophyte depends on it and dies after releasing spores

What is another name for Bryophyta?

Mosses

Describe Hepatophyta

May produce asexually via gemma cups

What is another name for Hepatophyta?

Liverworts

What are they key traits of Bryophytes/nonvascular plants?

Lack true vascular tissue; rely on water for reproduction

What are monocots?

One seed leaf (cotyledon), parallel leaf veins, scattered vascular bundles, fibrous roots (e.g. grasses)

What are dicots?

Two cotyledons, nettles leaf veins, ringed vascular bundles, taproot systems (e.g., beans, oaks)

What are the two groups of angiosperms?

Monocots, dicots

What are the parts of a flower?

1. Stigma

2. Style

3. Ovary

4. Anther

Describe stigma

Sticky surface to catch pollen

Describe style

Tube connecting stigma to ovary

Describe ovary

Becomes fruit

Describe Anther

Produces Pollen

What are the types of fruit?

Dry and fleshy fruits

Describe dry fruits

Almonds, cashews, pistachios

Describe fleshy fruits

Apples, berries, tomatoes

Pollination vs fertilization

Pollination is pollen transfer, fertilization is sperm meeting egg

Describe gymnosperms

Exposed on cones; no flowers or fruits

What is another word for gymnosperms

Naked seeds

Describe ginkgo

A gymnosperm with fan-shaped leaves; seeds have a fleshy outer layer but are not fruits

Describe reproduction in gymnosperms and ginkgo

Female cones produce ovules (megaspores develop inside)

Antheridium

Male gametangium producing sperm

Archegonium

Female gametangium producing eggs

Rhizoids

Root-like structures anchoring nonvascular plants

Rhizome

Underground stem in ferns and some other plants

Monoecious vs Dioecious

One vs. two sexes on the same plant

Seta

Stalk supporting the sporophyte capsule in mosses

Protonema

Early stage of moss gametophyte development

Heterospory

Production of two types of spores (micro- and mega-)

What are the types of dermal tissue?

1. Epidermis

2. Cuticleairs

3. Periderm

4. Stomata and Guard cells

5. Root h

Epidermis

Outer protective layer of leaves, stems, and roots. Directly contacts the enviorment

Cuticle

Waxy layer on epidermis that reduces water loss

Stomata and guard cells

Tiny pores that open/close to control gas exchange and transpiration

Root hairs

Extensions of root epidermis that increase water and nutrient absorption

Periderm

In woody plants, replaces epidermis; includes cork (bark) and small openings (lenticels) for gas exchange

Functions of stems

1. Support and transport

2. Growth

3. Storage and modifications

4. Structure

Describe support & transport

Hold leaves, flowers, fruits; transport water, minerals (xylem) and sugars (phloem).

Describe stem growth

Primary growth increases length; secondary growth (in dicots/woody plants) increases girth.