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Anterior

Refers to the front surface of the body. Same as ventral

Ventral

Refers to the front surface of the body. Same as anterior

Axial plane

Same as transverse /Horizontal Plane

A horizontal plane that divides the body into UPPER and LOWER parts.

oblique

body is positioned at different angles/slanting/ not parallel nor at a right angle

Horizontal plane

Same as transverse /axial Plane

A horizontal plane that divides the body into UPPER and LOWER parts.

Median plane

Same as Midsagittal plane NOT sagital. A vertical plane that divides the body in the middle into equal RIGHT and LEFT halves.

A (n) left anterior oblique_(LAO)____ position the patient as lying recumbent or erect with the left          anterior surface against the image receptor, right side elevated. What is the projection?

PA or posterior to anterior

Besides meaning posterior, dorsal also means….

term for the back of the hand

Posterior

Refers to the back surface of the body. Same as dorsal

Dorsal

Refers to the back surface of the body. Same as posterior

Superior

Refers to a position above or higher than another part of the body. Same as cephalic

Cephalic

Refers to a position above or higher than another part of the body. Same as superior

Inferior

Refers to a position below or lower than another part of the body. Same as caudad

Caudad

Refers to a position below or lower than another part of the body. Same as inferior

Lateral

Near the side of the body

Medial

Lateral refers to the side of the body, while medial refers to the middle or center.

What do each of these mean?: Superficial / Peripheral / Deep

superficial refers to near the surface, peripheral refers to the outer part of the center of the body, and deep refers to further away from the surface.

Proximal

Proximal refers to a position closer to the point of attachment, while distal refers to a position further away.

Distal

Proximal refers to a position closer to the point of attachment, while distal refers to a position further away.

Internal / the other term for it is…?

Internal refers to the inside of an organ or structure ie tongue muscles that originate only inside the tongue. Intrinsic

External / the other term for it is…?

External refers to something located outside the organ or structure ie hand muscle that originates from the forearm but goes into the hand. Extrinsic

Visceral

___ refers to the internal organs, while parietal refers to the walls of a cavity.

Parietal

Visceral refers to the internal organs, while ___ refers to the walls of a cavity.

True anatomical position

The standard position of the body used as a reference point, standing upright with arms at the sides and palms facing forward.

Erect / Upright

Refers to a position where the body is standing straight up.

Recumbent

Refers to a position where the body is lying down.

Supine

Refers to a position lying on the back.

Prone

Refers to a position lying on the stomach.

Lateral recumbent

Refers to a position lying on the side.

Trendelenburg

A position where the body is laid flat on the back with the legs elevated higher than the head.

Fowler's

Patients head is elevated above the trunk of the body

Sim's

A position where the patient is lying on their LEFT side their RIGHT knee drawn up.

Midsagittal / Median Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body in the middle into equal RIGHT and LEFT halves.

Sagittal plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into RIGHT and LEFT halves and can be placed anywhere to separate the body into these planes. It doesn’t have to be placed in the middle. Median plane is only the same as midsagittal not sagittal.

Transverse / Horizontal/axial Plane

A horizontal plane that divides the body into UPPER and LOWER parts.

Midcoronal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Coronal Plane

A plane that divides the body into front and back sections. Not the same as midcoronal as midcoronal is specifically divided in the middle of the body while coronal can slice and thus divide the anterior and posterior anywhere.

Midaxillary line

a line that extends vertically through the armpit/axilla

Palmar / Volar

___ refers to the palm of the hand, while ___ refers to the palm side of the hand OR sole side of the foot.

Plantar / Dorsum

___ refers to the sole of the foot, while ___ refers to the top of the foot. Note that plantar is apart of the dorsal/posterior.

Flexion / Extension

___ refers to bending a joint so its closer to the body, while ___ refers to straightening the joint by flexing it outwards.

Hyperflexion / Hyperextension

___ refers to excessive flexion(stretching a body part inwards), while ___ refers to excessive extension(stretching a body part outwards)

Radial Deviation/Ulnar Deviation

Radial flexion refers to bending towards the radius(flexed toward the thumb), while ulnar flexion refers to bending the wrist towards the ulna(flexed away from the thumb)

Dorsiflexion / Plantar Flexion

___ refers to raising the foot upwards, while ____ refers to pointing the foot downwards.

Inversion/Eversion

___ refers to turning it inward, while ___ refers to turning the sole of the foot outward

Abduction/Adduction

___ refers to moving it away, while ___ refers to moving a body part towards the midline

Medial Rotation / Lateral Rotation

___ refers to turning a body part towards the midline, while ___ refers to turning it away.

Supinate

___ refers to turning the palm up, while pronate refers to turning the palm down.

Pronate

Supinate refers to turning the palm up, while ___ refers to turning the palm down.

Circumduction

A circular movement of a body part.

Elevate

___ refers to lifting a body part, while depress refers to lowering it.

Depress

Elevate refers to lifting a body part, while ___ refers to lowering it.

Ipsilateral / Contralateral

___ refers to the same side of the body, while ___ refers to the opposite side.

Tilt

To incline or slant a body part.

Radiograph

An image produced on a sensitive surface by radiation.

X-ray film

A film that captures the image produced by X-rays.

Radiographic Image

An image created through the process of radiography.

Radiographic Position

The specific orientation of the patient during a radiographic procedure.

Radiographic Projection

The path of the X-ray beam as it passes through the body.

Radiographic View

The perspective from which the radiographic image is taken.

Anteroposterior (AP)

A projection where the X-ray beam passes from the front to the back of the body.

Posteroanterior (PA)

A projection where the X-ray beam passes from the back to the front of the body.

Lateral

A projection taken from the side of the body.

Axial

A projection taken along the axis of a structure aka taken from above or below.

Tangential

A projection that skims the surface of a body and doesnt pass through it.

Inferosuperior

A projection where the X-ray beam enters from below and exits above.

Superoinferior

A projection where the X-ray beam enters from above and exits below.

Right Posterior Oblique (RPO)

A position where the right side of the body is against an imaging screen and leaning back at an angle

Left Posterior Oblique (LPO)

A position where the left side of the body is against an imaging screen and leaning back at an angle

Right Anterior Oblique (RAO)

A position where the right side of the body is against an imaging screen and leaning forward at an angle

Left Anterior Oblique (LAO)

A position where the left side of the body is against an imaging screen and leaning forward at an angle

Left Lateral Decubitus

A position where the patient is lying down on their left side and getting a horizontal scan. (bc left, ___=side against imaging screen and not at an angle, ___=LAYONG DOWN getting a horizontal scan)

Right Lateral Decubitus

A position where the patient is lying on their right side getting a horizontal scan (bc right, ___ =side against imaging screen and not at an angle, ___ =lying down while getting a horizontal scan)

Dorsal Decubitus

A position where the patient is lying on their back and getting a horizontal scan (bc ___=back, ___=getting a horizontal scan while laying down)

Ventral Decubitus

A position where the patient is lying on their stomach and getting a horizontal scan(bc ___=front, ___=lying down while getting a horizontal scan)

Vertical / Longitudinal

Refers to an orientation that is upright or vertical or y-axiz

Horizontal

Refers to an orientation that is level or flat or x-axis

Cephalad angle

An angle directed towards the head.

Caudad angle

An angle directed towards the feet.

Cassette with analog film

Film is placed in the cassette, photo is taken, then film is processed in black light room. ___ film cant be used again.

Cassette with phosphor plate aka computed radiograph

Film/___ is placed in the cassette then once the image is captures a barcode is scanned which then converts the image to a digital copy. Once this copy is attained the ___ can be recycled and used again.

Fluoroscopic screen

x-ray tube is below patient and the screen is above which once hit by xray radiation is then converted over to a digital copy creating a video like real time result.

Direct Digital Radiography and what r the 2 types?

Instead of a cassette with film this is a cassette that has a computer in it. Its considered direct if its attached to the table or wall the patient leans on aka the machine/buckeye. After photo is taken it is sent over instantly.

Its considered indirect if the digital cassette can be moved/isnt connected to a machine.

Lengthwise placement

Refers to the placement of the image receptor in the direction of the body's length.

Crosswise placement

Refers to the placement of the image receptor perpendicular to the body's length.

X-rays are emitted from
the ____ in the
shape of a pyramid,
with the center beam
called the ___

X-ray rube

Central ray

WHy is it important to use focus the central ray on a body part?

To reduce radiation & increase image quality (it helps avoid scatter radiation aka radiation bouncing off hard surfaces which can blur images.)

LECTURE 2

What is a requisition form for?

List the information included on a radiology requisition form: (all 7)

Also make sure to list the difference in information for inpatient vs outpatient

provides information about the X- ray procedure to be performed and how to proceed with the examination

1)Patient Name

2)Medical Record Number

3)Birthdate / DOB

4)Nursing Station or Floor (inpatient) / Department or Clinic (outpatient)

5)Clinical Data

6)Handling / Transportation Mode

7)Miscellaneous Information

Clinical Data

info about physical signs or symptoms – it is the reason(s) the X-ray procedure is being ordered

Miscellaneous Information

other info that might be helpful to the radiographer Example: Special projections to be performed

how is X-Ray Tube Position prepared prior to a radiographic examination?

depends on the X-ray examination to be performed:

 Vertical: For Table Top (Extremity aka only the limb is laying down) or recumbent (full body laying down) positions

 Horizontal: Parallel to the horizon directed at the Upright Image Receptor(aka its on the wall/not laying down) for erect or decubitus positions

how is SID / FFD prepared prior to a radiographic examination?

SID is

Prior to performing the X-ray examination, the technologist will set the SID or distance between the X-ray tube and Image Receptor

determine how much magnification of the body part there is and the amount of radiation required to get through the patient. Magnification will cause distortion on the image. Larger the SID, the less magnification and the more radiation exposure.

40 inches for table and extremity work

◦ 72 inches (6 feet) for CXR’s and Lateral Projections of the Cervical Spine

distortion

misrepresentation of an object size or shape

how is X-Ray Tube Angulation prepared prior to a radiographic examination?

Depending on the body part, the X-ray tube may be angled caudad or cephalad for specific anatomical structures

Range of angulation for a X-Ray Tube Angulation

0 degrees if the tube is vertical

90 degrees if tube is horizontal

between 5- 45 degrees for Axial Projections

To elongate a structure that is curved on itself -30-45 degrees

To open up a joint space – 5 to 10 degrees

Purpose of angling for a X-Ray Tube Angulation

To avoid superimposition of structures; To elongate a structure that is curved on itself; To open up a joint space

how is Bucky prepared prior to a radiographic examination? ie where is it?

X-ray tube must be centered to the Bucky b4 hand

is a tray beneath the X-ray tabletop where the Image Receptor is placed

how is Grid prepared prior to a radiographic examination? ie where is it? when is it used? what does it do?

X-ray tube must be centered to the Bucky b4 hand

Above the Bucky tray/Image Receptor and below the table/wall

is used on body parts over 10cm

absorbs the scatter radiation.

Describe a Bucky / Grid

a tray beneath the X-ray tabletop where the Image Receptor is placed

Above the Bucky tray is a device called a grid, which is a flat thin wafer device