Radiation Protection ch.8 test

biologic effects of radiation that occur relatively soon after exposure to high doses of radiation

early effects

when living organisms experience biological damage from exposure to radiation

somatic effects

when radiation effects are cell killing and directly related to the dose received

deterministic (non stochastic) effects

Radiation effects are mutational or randomly occurring biological somatic changes independent of dose

stochastic somatic effects

effects that are directly related to dose and appear within minutes, hours, days, or weeks of being exposed to ionizing radiation 

early nonstochastic somatic effects 

occur from somewhere other than x ray/radiology

high dose effects 

also known as “radiation sickness”, occurs in humans after whole body reception of large doses of radiation over a short period of time. Whole body exposed to dose of 6 gy

acute radiation syndrome 

occurs within hours after a whole body absorbed dose of 1 Gy or more. Is the initial stage characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, leukemia 

syndrome or prodominal stage

signifies whole body dose of radiation that can be lethal to 50% of exposed people within 30 days 

LD 50/30 

the shrinkage of organs and tissues

atrophy

the shedding of outer layer skin that occurs at a high radiation dose

desquamation

hair loss (alopecia)

epilation

a decrease in the number of red blood cells in circulating blood

anemia

study of cell genetics with emphasis on cell chromosomes 

cytogenetic 

when does the prodromal stage occur

within hours after whole body absorbed dose of 1 Gy ore more

characteristics of a prodromal stage are

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, leukemia

the prodromal stage length of time it lasts

hours to a few days

how long does the latent period last 

a week 

symptoms that occur in the latent period 

no visible symptoms occur 

what 2 things could occur in the latent period

either recovery or lethal effects will begin during this period 

why is a manifest illness period called a manifest illness period

because it is the stage where the patient feels the extent of their symptoms and will either recover or die 

what is another name for hematopoietic syndrome

bone marrow syndrome

when does the hematopoietic syndrome occur

when people receive 1 to 10 Gy dose of ionizing radiation

in hematopoietic syndrome what does radiation to this system cause

number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in circulating blood to decrease

what is the recovery time for non-lethal doses in hematopoietic syndrome

3-6 weeks

what threshold dose will gastrointestinal syndrome appear at 

6 Gy and peaks at 10 Gy 

how long will a person live without medical treatment with gastrointestinal syndrome 

3 to 10 days after exposure 

how much longer will a person live with medical treatment with gastrointestinal syndrome

a few more days (than the 3 to 10 days)

why does death primarily occur with the gastrointestinal syndrome

catastrophic damage to the epithelial cells that line the GI tract causing digestive problems

when a cerebrovascular syndrome results

when central nervous system receives 50 Gy or more 

when death occurs in a cerebrovascular syndrome 

few hours to 2-3 days after exposure 

signs and symptoms of a cerebrovascular syndrome 

nervousness, confusion, severe nausea and vomiting, burning skin sensation, loss of consciousness 

what are 4 factors that influences somatic and genetic damage

1. quantity of ionizing radiation to which subject is exposed

2. the ability of ionizing radiation to cause ionization of tissue 

3. the amount of body exposed 

4. the specific body parts exposed 

when ionizing radiation produce the greatest amount of biologic damage in the human body 

when large dose of densely, high LET ionizing radiation delivered to a large radiosensitive area 

know the relationship between an increase in radiation and early deterministic somatic effects 

as radiation dose increases, the severity of early deterministic somatic effects increases 

know what the amount of biologic damage depends on 

the actual absorbed dose 

what is the approximate recovery time when a person receives a sublethal whole body dose of 2 to 3 Gy 

3 months 

what are the 3 forms of ARS (Acute Radiation Syndrome)

hematopoietic (bone marrow), gastrointestinal, cerebrovascular syndrome

know what further complicates the exact specifications of fatal effects when referencing LD (Lethal Dose) 

medical treatment 

what’s a more relevant indicator outcome for human survival would be rather than a 30 day

60 days

when does repair and recovery of cells occur (due to their own inherent repair mechanism in their biochemistry)

cells are exposed to a sub lethal dose of ionizing radiation

what determines the organs potential for recovery

amount of damage sustained 

when does cell death result

after substantial partial body exposure

know what type of response biologic tissue have when body receives a high dose of radiation

they may lose the ability to function or they may recover (partial or complete)

what the 3 things are that organ and tissue response to radiation exposure depends on

radiosensitivity, reproductive characteristics, growth rates 

what dose is capable of depressing the male sperm population and cause genetic mutations and can delay menstruation in females 

.1 Gy 

what makes up the hematopoietic system

bone marrow, circulating blood, and lymphatic organs (such as nodes, spleen, and thymus)

know what chromosome aberrations are

deviation from normal development of growth of chromosomes 

know what type of chromosome aberrations radiation can cause 

almost every type