A&P TEST 5

Neurotransmitter used by cholinergic synapse

ACh

Major inhibitory of the brain “breaks of the brain”

GABA

Dopamine

loss can lead to tremors in Parkinson’s

Neurotransmitter that contracts skeletal muscle

ACh

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

(sympathetic)

Cause bronchodilation

Increase heart rate and breathing

Myelinated axons

Action potentials faster

Saltatory propagation- conduction of action potential down myelinated axon

Myelin sheath provided by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

No threshold =…

No action potential

Microglial cells

phagocytic- big bodies

cleans tissue by eating dead nervous tissue and invading microorganisms in CNS

Satellite cells (PNS)

Monitor and regulate environment of the neuron

Astrocyte(CNS)

Maintain blood brain barrier

Schwann cells

Myelin sheath in PNS

Ganglia

Clusters of neuron cell bodies

voltage-gated sodium channels open and voltage-gated potassium channels close when….

action potential reaches 30 mv

Somatic sensory division

detects EXTERNAL stimuli(vision, touch, etc.)

Visceral sensory division

monitors INTERNAL conditions (BP, heart rate, digestive process)

Sensory division

AFFARENT

DETECTS STIMULI AND SENDS INFO TO CNS

Motor division

controls VOLUNTARY movements

EFFERENT

SENDS SIGNALS FROM CNS TO PNS

Oligodendrocytes

form myelin sheath in CNS

Hyperpolorization

Potassium continues leaving the cell due to the channels slowly closing

Resting potential maintained by..

leak channels and exchange pumps

Ependymal cells

Line ventricles of brain

produce, move, and monitor cerebrospinal fluid

CNS

Tracts

Bundles of axons in CNS that follow the same path

Nerves

Bundles of axons found in PNS

Dendrites

receive signals from other neurons

Send incoming signals to cell body

SOMA(cell body)

Process signals and maintains cell health

integrates signals and decides whether to generate an action potential

Axon

Transmits electrical impulses away from cell body

sends signals to axon terminals

Myelin sheath

provides insulation and speeds up signal transmission

produced by Shawnn cells or oligodendrocytes

Saltatory conduction: signals jump between nodes of ranvier

Nodes of ranvier

rabid signal transmission by enabling ion exchange

gaps between myelin sheaths

Axon terminals

RELEASE neurotransmitters to communicate with the next neuron or cell

convert electrical signals into chemical signals by releasing neurotransmitters at the synapse

Synapse

Junction between neurons where communication occurs

neurotransmitters cross this gap to continue signal transmission

3 processes of NS

CNS:

sensory input

integration

PNS:

motor output

Brain stem:

Homeostasis

reflex

movements

integrates and relays info

Limbic system

fornix

limbic lobe

hippocampus

amygdala

Processes, integrates, and relays information

Diencephalon

Cerebellum (the how to do)

Monitors, coordinates movement, maintains homeostasis, learned activities and motor patterns

regulates biological rhythms

affected by alc

Interneurons

Brain and spinal cord

connect between sensory and motor neurons