World War I - Textbook

What role did Theodore Roosevelt play in the Russo-Japanese War?

He mediated peace negotiations between Russia and Japan

What treaty ended the Russo-Japanese War?

Treaty of Portsmouth

What major achievement earned Roosevelt the Nobel Peace Prize?

Negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth

Why was the Panama Canal important to the United States?

It shortened travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

How did the United States gain control of the Panama Canal Zone? (2)

1. supporting Panamanian independence

2. signing a treaty

Using military force or threat to achieve foreign policy goals

gunboat diplomacy

What was the Roosevelt Corollary?

A policy stating the U.S. could act as an international police power in Latin America

What was dollar diplomacy?

Using U.S. investments and loans to influence foreign countries

Who led peasant resistance during the Mexican Revolution?

Zapata

Why did Wilson refuse to recognize Huerta’s government?

Because it came to power through violence

Who was sent to capture Pancho Villa?

Pershing

What were the four main long-term causes of World War I?

Nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances

Which event directly sparked World War I?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Who were the Allies at the start of World War I?

Britain, France, and Russia

Who made up the Central Powers?

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire

What was trench warfare?

A fighting style using deep trenches that led to stalemate

What was “no man’s land”?

The dangerous area between opposing trenches

Why did the United States try to remain neutral at first?

The war did not directly threaten U.S. lives or territory

What was the Lusitania?

A British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat

Germany’s promise to limit submarine attacks

Sussex pledge

What was the Zimmermann note?

A German proposal for Mexico to ally against the U.S.

What finally pushed the United States to enter World War I?

Unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmermann note

How did the U.S. raise a large army during World War I?

By passing the Selective Service Act

What was the Selective Service Act?

A law requiring men to register for the draft

The U.S. military force sent to Europe

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

Who commanded the American Expeditionary Force?

Pershing

What system protected ships from German U-boats?

The convoy system

Who was Rickenbacker?

The leading American fighter ace in World War I

Who was York?

A highly decorated American war hero

Someone who opposes war on moral or religious grounds

conscientious objector

What new weapons helped end trench warfare? (2)

1. Tanks

2. airplanes

What event ended the fighting in World War I?

The signing of an armistice

How did American troops help the Allies win? (2)

1. provided fresh troops

2. stopped German advances

What government agency regulated war production and was led by Baruch?

War Industries Board (WIB)

Laws that allowed fines up to $10,000 and 20 years in jail for interfering with the war effort or saying anything disloyal about the government

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Who led the Committee on Public Information and what was its purpose?

1. Creel

2. nation's first propaganda agency

How did the government finance World War I?

1. 1/3 through taxes (income tax, war-profits tax, excise taxes)

2. 2/3 through Liberty Loan and Victory Loan bonds

The large-scale movement of hundreds of thousands of southern African Americans to northern cities during and after WWI

Great Migration

What were two major reasons African Americans migrated north during WWI?

1. escape racial discrimination and Jim Crow laws in the South

2. find better job opportunities in northern factories

How did WWI affect women in the workforce?

About 1 million women entered the workforce, taking jobs previously held by men such as railroad workers, miners, and shipbuilders

What amendment gave women the right to vote and when was it ratified?

The Nineteenth Amendment, ratified in 1920

What conservation measures did the Food Administration under Hoover implement?

1. "Meatless," "wheatless," "sweetless," and "porkless" days

2. encouraged victory gardens

How many Americans died from the influenza epidemic of 1918-1919?

About 500,000 Americans

What happened to industrial production and corporate profits during WWI? (2)

1. Industrial production increased by 20% under the WIB

2. corporate profits soared (DuPont stock increased 1,600%)

What was Wilson's peace plan called and when did he present it?

1. The Fourteen Points

2. presented to Congress in 1918

What was the main goal of Wilson's final point in the Fourteen Points?

To create a League of Nations, an international organization where nations could discuss and settle differences without war

What is self-determination? (2)

The right of people to:

1. choose their own political status

2. form their own nation-states

Who were the "Big Four" at the Paris Peace Conference?

Leaders from the United States (Wilson), Great Britain (Lloyd George), France (Clemenceau), and Italy (Orlando)

What were three major provisions of the Treaty of Versailles regarding Germany?

Germany had to pay $33 billion in reparations, return Alsace-Lorraine to France, and was barred from maintaining an army

What was the war-guilt clause?

A provision that forced Germany to admit sole responsibility for starting WWI and causing all resulting damage

Why did the U.S. Senate reject the Treaty of Versailles?

Mainly due to opposition to the League of Nations, with senators fearing it would threaten U.S. independence in foreign policy and the right of Congress to declare war

Who led the opposition to the treaty in the Senate?

Lodge

What happened to Wilson while campaigning for the treaty in 1919?

He suffered a stroke in October 1919 and was left partially paralyzed for over two months

Did the United States ever join the League of Nations?

No, the U.S. never joined but had an unofficial observer at League meetings

What were two major weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles that led to future problems?

1. humiliated Germany with harsh terms it couldn't meet

2. ignored claims of colonized people for self-determination