physical science complete

What is boundary behavior?

Boundary behaviour is when a wave reaches the end of its medium

What is a boundary?

It’s when one medium ends and another begins

What is fixed end reflection?

Occurs when a wave strikes a rigid barrier. The end of the medium does not move

What is the direction of the incident pulse of a fixed end reflection?

It is an upward pulse a.k.a. a crest

What direction is the reflected pulse of a fixed end reflection?

It is inverted

What is the speed wavelength and amplitude of a reflected pulse of a fixed end reflection?

It has the same speed wavelength and amplitude as the incident pulse

What is a free end reflection?

The end of the medium is allowed to slide up and down

What type of pulse is the reflection of a free end?

it is not inverted. It is a crest. It is identical to the incident pulse except it is moving in the opposite direction.

What is the speed, wavelength and amplitude of the reflected pulse of a free end?

The speed wavelength and amplitude are the same as the incident pulse

What is the point called where two ropes are attached?

It is called the boundary

What does the big medium act like in a fast to slow medium?

It’s acts like a barrier

What is the speed and the position of the transmitted pulse of a fast to slow medium

It travels slower than the reflected pulse, and it is upright, and it has a shorter wavelength than the incident pulse

What is the position of the reflected pulse of a fast to slow medium?

It is inverted

What is the speed and wavelength of the reflected pulse of a fast to slow medium?

The speed and wavelength of the reflected pulse are the same as the speed and wavelength of the incident pulse but the amplitude decreases

From a slow to fast medium, what does the fast medium not do?

The fast medium does not act as a barrier

What is the speed and direction of the transmitted pulse of a slow to fast medium

It is faster and upright

What is the wavelength of the transmitted pulse from a slow to fast medium

transmitted pulse from a slow to fast medium; It has a longer wavelength

What is the position of the reflected pulse of a thick to thin medium?

reflected pulse of a thick to thin medium is upright a.k.a. not inverted

What are the speed and wavelength of the reflected pulse of the slow to thin medium

The speed and wavelength of the reflected pulse are the same as the speed and wavelength of the incident pulse but amplitude increases

What is the frequency of the transmitted pulse from a thick to thin medium?

It is the same as the incident pulse

What is an incident pulse?

The first pulse you make before it hits the barrier

What is a transmitted pulse?

The pulse that goes through the barrier into the second medium

What is a reflected pulse?

The second pose that comes back after your incident pulse from the same medium

What is it called when two or more waves meet while travelling along the same medium

Interference

What is constructive interference?

When two upwards or downwards waves meet

What is deconstructive interference?

When a positive and negative wave meet

What is a node of a standing wave?

A node is the point of a standing wave that is on the centre line

What is an antinode?

The top most point of a standing wave that goes from top to bottom

How to get the wavelength of a standing wave

The distance of one node multiplied by two

When there are two point sources vibrating in phase, what is a node line?

It is where thick and thin intercept

On a two point source vibration where is an antidotal line?

We’re the same type of line intercept

On a two point source vibration, what is formed as a result of constructive interference

Wear the same type of lines, intersect, a.k.a. constructive interference

On a two point source vibration, what is deconstructive interference

Where two different lines intersect

what is the name of a wave motion that is parallel to the wave direction?

Longitudinal

What is the name of the wave motion that is perpendicular to the wave direction?

Transverse

Does a medium in which a wave travels move with the wave itself?

No. Particles move from rest then return to rest. Only energy moves through the medium

What is cycle

ONE complete repition

What is frequency?

Number of repitions in a given time

What is period

Time it takes for one full repition

If you decrease/increase the frequency of a vibration of an object, what happens to its period

increases/decreases

One node/antinode occurs when?

Every half wavelength

How to get the wavelength of a standing wave

The distance of one node to another multiplied by two.

On a standing wave diagram, how should you see wavelength?

Wavelength is two consecutive nodes, so if it’s one node on the rest line, then it’s to the SECOND NEAREST NODE ON THE REST LINE.

What type of reflections do smooth and shiny surfaces have

Clear reflection

What type of reflection do rough dull surfaces have?

A diffuse reflection

What does diffuse reflection mean?

Light is scattered in different directions

What is the characteristics of reflection in a plain mirror?

It is the same size as the object, It is upright, It is virtual, The image is a reverse of the object (Left-right reversal), The image is the same distance behind the mirror as the object in front of the mirror

Why is it that when a man walks towards the mirror then the speed of the man and the man’s image are doubled?

Because there are two images, the one in front of the mirror and the one behind the mirror and they move at the same speed

What is the minimum height necessary to see your full image in a plane mirror?

Half of your height

Why is it that trucks and buses have words printed backwards?

Because when the people driving view the text through the rearview mirror, it is actually the right way because it gets inverted

What is the principal axis in concave and convex mirrors

A straight line drawn through the center, and the midpoint of the mirror

What is spherical aberration?

It is when the rays that strike the mirror near the edges do not intersect at the principal axis, but they are parallel to the principal axis

How do you avoid spherical aberration?

By designing mirrors in the shape of a parabola and not a sphere

What do parabolic mirrors do?

They make sure all the light rays are reflected at a single point

What are some examples of parabolic mirrors?

A telescope or a solar oven

What are some mirrors where it’s important that all light is parallel

A search light or a car headlight

What are some examples of concave mirrors?

A shaving or makeup mirror

On a convex mirror, what is it always?

smaller virtual and upright

what is f for a concave mirror

positive

what is f for a convex mirror

negative

when is object distance (d_o) positive

if the object is infront of the mirror

when is image distance (d_i) positive

if the image is infront of the mirror (real)

when is image distance (d_i) negative

if the image is behind the mirror

when is m positive

when the object is upright

when is m negative

when the object is inverted

If h_i is positive then…

the image is upright

if h_i is negative then

the image is inverted

How is a double replacement occur

One product is a solid, gas or water or the reactants are an acid + base

Will a double replacement occur if both products are aquesous

NO! only if the reactants are an Acid + Base

What is an acid

Starts with H

What is a base?

Ends in OH

What is a salt

Ionic compound
Does not start with H (not an acid)
Does not end with OH (not a base)
Usually formed from a metal + nonmetal or polyatomic ion

Why was bird poop so valuable to society

It is rich in nitrogen compounds (like nitrates) used as fertilizer, boosting crop yields.

Chemical reaction for haber process?

N₂ + 3 H₂ → 2 NH₃

Describe how the haber process changed the availabilty of fertiizer?

The Haber Process allowed industrial production of ammonia, making nitrogen fertilizers widely available year-round, not just dependent on natural sources.

Two Environmental/Societal Impacts of the Haber process:

• Positive: Increased food production and supported population growth.

• Negative: Overuse of fertilizers causes water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (N₂O).

If Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂) decomposes, what is one of the products?

Oxygen gas

What is a common application for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide?

propellant in rocketry, or as a disinfectant/bleaching product

What is the primary difference between complete and incomplete combustion?

Complete combustion produces CO₂ and H₂O; incomplete combustion produces CO and/or soot (C) due to limited oxygen.

If a car engine is 20% efficient and you use 30L of gas, how much is actually converted to usable energy?

6 Liters (30L * 0.20 = 6L)

What is a wave

A disturbance that travels through a medium from one location to another

What direction is the medium of a transverse wave

Perpendicular

What direction is the medium of a longitudinal wave

Parallel

What is a standing wave

A pattern that results from the interference of two or more waves

What is refraction

Light rays that bend as they travel from one media to another

What happens when light passes through thick to thin

it bends away from the normal

What happens when light passes through thin to thick

Light bends towards the normal

When is there no refraction

When the initial angle is equal to zero?

What happens when the initial angle is greater than the other angle

It will not refract in the second material, there will be total internal reflection

When will total internal reflection occur

Light must travel from a thick to thin material

When will total internal reflection occur the second time

Light must track the second material at an angle greater than the critical angle

What is another word for a convex lens

A converging lens

What is another word for a concave lens

A diverging lens

Is the virtual on the right on a lens?

no its on the left

What is the critical angle

the smallest angle at which light stops going into the next material and instead stays trapped and reflects back inside the original material.

As the index of refraction (n) increases, what happens to the speed of light in the material

decreases

As the index of refraction (n) increases, what happens to the angle of refraction in that material

bends towards the normal

As the index of refraction (n) increases, what happens to the critical angle in that material

decreases

on a convex/converging lens, where is the primary focus

opposite side of the lens

on a concave/diverging lens, where is the primary focus found

same side of the lens