300 - topic 3

Pathological fractures

Fractures caused by weakened bone tissue

Psuedodiarrhea

Results from fecal impaction and liquid stool pushing around the obstruction

Atelectasis

Collapse of alveoli, preventing the normal respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Orthostatic hypotension

Drop in SBP by at least 20 within 3 min of standing

Thrombus

Accumulation of platelets, fibrin, clotting factors in a blood vessel that occludes the vein or artery

Pulmonary embolism

Thrombus breaks off and moves to the lung s/s chest pain and cough

Joint contractures

Abnormal and possibly permanent fixation of a joint, Sometimes leave a joint in a nonfunctional position

Foot drop

Permanently fixed in plantar flexion

Urinary stasis

Pt is flat and urine gets trapped in renal pelvis increasing risk for UTI

Renal calculi

Calcium stones that lodge in the renal pelvis or pass through the ureters

Parenteral

TPN, nutrition given through a central line

Enteral

Through a NG, gastrostomy or jejunostomy tube

Trochanter roll

Prevents external rotation of the hips

trapeze bar

Allows a patient to pull with the upper extremities to raise the trunk off the bed

Body mechanics

The coordinated efforts of musculoskeletal and nervous system

Body alignment

Posture; individual's center of gravity is stable, done correctly reduces strain

Friction

Force exerted against the skin while the skin remains stationary

Shear

The force exerted on the skin while the skin remains stationary and the bony structures move

Sling

Mechanically lifts the patient off the bed and prevents friction and shearing

Fibrous joint

Bones fit closely together and are fixed with very little movement

Cartilaginous joints

Unite separate boney surfaces, little movement but are elastic

Synovial joints

True joints, hinge type, move freely

Ligaments

Flexible bands of dense fibrous tissue that bind joints and connect bones and cartilage

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone, strong, flexible, inelastic

Cartilage

Nonvascular, supporting connective tissue, flexibility of a firm plastic material

Disuse atrophy

Prolonged inactivity that causes muscles to shrink

Obesity

Impairs musculoskeletal health because of increased weight burden on joints and muscles

Self-efficacy

An individual's belief in their ability to perform different behaviors, a patient's willingness to engage

Transtheoretical model

Intentional change focuses on the decision making of an individual regarding a change in behavior

Standing

Do not rely on a patient's self-report; should be able to raise their buttock off the bed and hold for 5 seconds

ROM

Determine degree or limitation or injury to a joint

Gait

Draw conclusions about balance, posture, and ability to walk without assistance

Limited activity creates

Reduced physical functioning, sleep deprivation, delirium, and altered nutrition

Early mobility programs reduce

Delirium, improve muscle strength, increase independent functional status after discharge, and improve overall quality of life

Isometric

Patient tightens or contracts a muscle group

Isotonic

Moving a joint

hemiparesis

one sided weakness

hemiplegia

one sided paralysis

Proprioception

Ability of the body to sense its position and movement within space

Activity Tolerance

Type and amount of exercise or work that a person is able to perform without undue exertion or injury

Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)

Activities usually performed in the course of a normal day in the patient's life such as eating, dressing, bathing

Body Mechanics

Coordinated efforts of the musculoskeletal and nervous system to maintain proper balance, posture, and body alignment

Deconditioning

Physiological change following a period of inactivity, bedrest, results in functional losses in mental status, degree of continence, and abilities to accomplish ADLs

Xerostomia

Dry mouth

Gingivitis

Inflammation of the gums

Dental carries

Tooth decay

Glossitis

Inflamed tongue

Cheilitis

Chapped lips

Halitosis

Bad breath

Edentulous

Missing teeth

Pediculosis capitis

Head lice

Alopecia

Hair loss

Cerumen

Ear wax, traps foreign bodies and repels insects

Supported fowler

HOB 45-60 degrees, knees are slightly elevated

Supine

On one's back

Prone

On one's stomach

Stomatitis

Inflammation of the mucous membrane in the mouth, often resulting in soreness and swelling.